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Prentice Hall
EARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck

Lutgens
Good Morning From Mrs. Melodi Lowery. My son is having surgery
today and I really need to be with him. Please do not waste this day.
Please do what the sub asks of you and make me proud. You will have
multiple slides to copy the sub will advance the slides at his or her
discretion meaning when students that are working are finished. The
next slide will be written in Your Starter Notebooks (Remember I have
the other notebook). The next slide is your vocabulary you do not have
to look them up I have done that for you (Your Welcome). The
remaining slides must be done on Loose Leaf Notebook Paper to be
turned on Tomorrow. Remember the sub will not go back to catch you
up you must keep up.
See you, Wednesday.
Chapter
2
Vocabulary (Quiz Friday)
Copy in Starter Book After Ch 2.
Vocabulary
1. Atomic number—The number of Protons & Electrons in an atom
2. Isotope--elements that have the same number of protons but varying
numbers of neutrons.
3. Mass number-- the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
4. Energy Level—the shells that surround an atom
5. Ion—an atom that gains or looses electrons.
6. Group ---the columns on the periodic table, also known as families.
7. Period ---the rows on the periodic table
8. Nonmetal---elements that do not exhibit the properties of a metal
9. Metal –a chemical element that is a good conductor of both
electricity and heat
10. Metalloid –an element that exhibits both metal and nonmetal
properties
Remember:
You are to copy all the
slides that follow on
Loose Leaf Notebook
Paper.
Chemical Bonding
•When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the
maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a
chemical bond with one or more other atoms.
•3 types of chemical bonds
1. ionic bonds-form ions
2. covalent bonds-form molecules
3. metallic bonds.
•Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions.
Ex. Salt forms when sodium (Na) reacts with chlorine (Cl)
•Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
Ex. Water forms when Hydrogen(H) reacts with oxygen(O)
•Metallic bonds form when electrons are shared by metal ions
Copy Questions and Answer on your
paper!
1. What is an element?
2. What kinds of particles make up
atoms?
3. What are isotopes?
4. What are compounds and why do they
form?
2.1 Matter
Elements and the Periodic Table
 Elements are the basic building blocks
of minerals.
 Over 100 elements are known.
2.1 Matter
Atoms
 Smallest particles of matter
 Have all the characteristics of an element
 The nucleus is the central part of an atom
and contains
• protons, which have positive electrical charges
• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges
2.1 Matter
Atoms
 Energy levels, or shells
• surround the nucleus
• contain electrons—negatively charged particles
 The atomic number is the number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom.
Model of an Atom
2.1 Matter
Isotopes
 Isotopes of an element have the same number
of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.
 Have different mass numbers: the sum of the
neutrons plus protons
 Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy
and particles.
 The mass number is the number of neutrons and
protons in the nucleus of an atom.
2.1 Matter
Why Atoms Bond
 When an atom’s outermost energy level
does not contain the maximum number
of electrons, the atom is likely to form a
chemical bond with one or more atoms.
• A compound consists of two or more
elements that are chemically combined in
specific proportions.
• An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.
2.1 Matter
Types of Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic bonds form between positive and
negative ions.
2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share
electrons.
3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions
share electrons.
States of Matter
Chemistry
The Four States of
Matter
Chumbler - Properties
14
States of Matter
The Four States of
Matter
Four States
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
States of Matter
The Four States of
Matter
Basis of Classification of the Four
Types
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between
particles
States of Matter
Solids
Particles of solids are tightly
packed, vibrating about a fixed
position.
Solids have a definite shape
and a definite volume.
Solids have an infinite number
of free surfaces.
States of Matter
Solids
Particle Movement
Examples
States of Matter
Liquids
Particles of liquids are tightly
packed, but are far enough
apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have an indefinite
shape and a definite volume.
Liquids have one free surface.
States of Matter
Liquids
Particle Movement
Examples
Chumbler - Properties
20
States of Matter
Gases
Particles of gases are very far
apart and move freely.
Gases have an indefinite
shape and an indefinite volume.
Gases have no free surfaces.
States of Matter
Gases
Particle Movement
Examples
States of Matter
Plasma
A plasma is an ionized gas.
A plasma is a very good conductor
of electricity and is affected by
magnetic fields.
Plasma, like gases have an
indefinite shape and an indefinite
Chumbler - Properties
volume.
23
States of Matter
Plasma
Particles
The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely
streaming through the positively charged ions (blue).
States of Matter
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of
Solids
Solids have a definite shape and a
definite volume
because the particles are locked into
place
Solids are not easily compressible
because there is little free space between
particles
Solids do not flow easily because the
particles cannot move/slide past one
another
States of Matter
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of
Liquids
Liquids have an indefinite shape because
the particles can slide past one another.
Liquids are not easily compressible and
have a definite volume because there is
little free space between particles.
Liquids flow easily because the particles
can move/slide past one another.
States of Matter
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of
Gases
Gases have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume because the particles
can move past one another.
Gases are easily compressible because
there is a great deal of free space
between particles.
Gases flow very easily because the
particles randomly move past one
another.
States of Matter
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of
Plasmas
Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume because the particles
can move past one another.
Plasmas are easily compressible
because there is a great deal of free
space between particles.
Plasmas are good conductors of
electricity and are affected by magnetic
fields because they are composed of ions
(negatively charged electrons and
positively charged nuclei).
States of Matter
The Four States of
Matter
The Classification and Properties of
Matter Depend Upon Microscopic
Structure
Particle arrangement
Particle energy
Particle to particle distance
Matter
Pure
Substances
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Solution
Solvent
Colloids
Solution
Heterogeneous
Suspensions
Element
Molecule
Compounds
End of Monday Notes
The Periodic Table
Describe how to read the periodic
table:
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom identifies
the element.
The number of protons in an atom is
referred to as the atomic number of that
element.
Describe how to read the periodic
table:
Atomic Symbol:
The atomic symbol is one or two letters
chosen to represent an element ("H" for
"hydrogen," etc.).
These symbols are used every where in the
world
Usually, a symbol is the abbreviation of the
element or the abbreviated Latin name of
the element.
Describe how to read the periodic
table:
Atomic Mass:
The atomic mass is the average mass of
an element in atomic mass units ("amu").
Though individual atoms always have a
whole number of amus, the atomic mass
on the periodic table is shown as a
decimal number because it is an average
of all the isotopes of an element.
2.2 Minerals
Definition of a Mineral
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid substance
3. Orderly crystalline structure
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Generally considered inorganic
2.2 Minerals
How Minerals Form
1. Crystallization from magma
2. Precipitation
3. Pressure and temperature
4. Hydrothermal solutions
Minerals Formed as a Result of
Crystallization of Magma
2.2 Minerals
Mineral Groups
 Can be classified based on their
composition
1. Silicates
• Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure
called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the
framework of every silicate mineral.
The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets,
and Three-Dimensional Networks
2.2 Minerals
Mineral Groups
2. Carbonates
• Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
oxygen, and one or more other metallic
elements
3. Oxides
• Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more
other elements, which are usually metals
2.2 Minerals
Mineral Groups
4. Sulfates and Sulfides
• Minerals that contain the element sulfur
5. Halides
• Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or
more other elements
6. Native elements
• Minerals that exist in relatively pure form
Sulfides
Native Copper
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Color
 Small amounts of different elements can
give the same mineral different colors.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Streak
 Streak is the color of a mineral in its
powdered form.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Luster
 Luster is used to describe how light is
reflected from the surface of a mineral.
Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays
Metallic Luster.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Crystal Form
 Crystal form is the visible expression
of a mineral’s internal arrangement of
atoms.
Quartz Often Exhibits
Good Crystal Form.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Hardness
 Hardness is a measure of the
resistance of a mineral to being
scratched.
 Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals
arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
Mohs Scale of Hardness
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Cleavage
 Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
cleave, or break, along flat, even
surfaces.
Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Fracture
 Minerals that do not show cleavage
when broken are said to fracture.
 Fracture—the uneven breakage of
a mineral
Conchoidal Fracture
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Density
 Density is a property of all matter that
is the ratio of an object’s mass to its
volume.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Distinctive Properties of Minerals
 Some minerals can be recognized by
other distinctive properties.