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Problems with Dalton’s Theory • Law of Combining Volumes – 1808 At a given temperature and pressure the volumes of gases that react with one another are in the ratios of small whole numbers http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/ Gay-Lussac.html Problems with Dalton’s Theory • Avogadro’s Hypothesis – 1811 Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure have the same number of molecules Confusion in Chemistry! • Jean Dumas(1800-1884) “If I were in charge, I would efface the word atom from science” • Friedrich August Kekule (1829-1896) 1st International Chemical Congress - 1860 http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/karlsruhe.html • Stanislao Cannizzaro (1826-1910) – atomic mass determination • “The atomic hypothesis provides a convenient form of speech, which successfully describes many of the facts in a metaphysical manner. But the handy way in which the atomic hypothesis lends itself to the representation of the characteristic features of a chemical change falls short of constituting a proof that atoms have any real existence” Alexander Smith, Professor of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 1910 [R.E. Dickerson, H.Gray, G.P. Haight, Chemical Principles, 3rd ed., 1979]