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Animal improvement in the tropics Written by Wuttigrai Boonkum The Arctic HOT, HOTTER Temperatures have risen more in the Arctic than in the tropics. The Tropics Studies trend about climate change Nowadays, biologists worry primarily about global warming’s effects on life in the Arctic Hot temperature affecting creatures in the tropics “It’s taken a while for people to start applying the thinking of climate change to the tropics” says tropical ecologist Catherine Cardelús. Arctic temperature increases could double those in the tropics 1.5OC 0.5OC 1961 -------------------> 2010 Year metabolic changes in each region’s ectotherms would still be about equivalent. “You can’t assume that the temperature patterns tell you what the effects on biology will be” Statistical for cow, milk and consume quantity 1000000 518000 520000 502000 492300 492860 480000 460000 440000 420000 600000 400000 441200 cow (head) 500000 800000 200000 400000 0 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 Year (B.E.) Cow (head) Consume quantity (kg) Milk production (kg) Figure 1 Number of dairy cattle, milk production and consume quantity in Thailand Source: สำนักงำนเศรษฐกิจกำรเกษตร (2550) consume quantity (kg) / milk production (kg) 540000 Heat stress Why is heat stress important ? January 2003, NASA July 2003, NASA Red color is high heat area Yellow color is moderate heat area Heat stress on physiology Heat stress water intake respiration rumination sweating feed intake panting Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University Why is heat stress important ? Economic losses Economic impacts of heat wave on dairy industry about $1 Billion 2003 economic loss $897 to $1500 million in US 2006 California heat wave kills 16,500 dairy cows statewide >2,000 cattle died in Nebraska during June 2009 2002 to 2007, Summer was the seasons with the highest of dairy deaths (15,773) in Italy How heat stress occur ? Lower critical temp. Upper critical temp. Heat production Cold stress Thermoneutral zone 4-24 oC Heat stress Ambient temperature humidity Heat stress in the world ในต่างประเทศ heatv stress สาคัญแค่ไหน บอกว่าทาไมประเทศไทยถึงสนใจอิทธิพลของ heat stress รูปโลก มีแผนที่ประเทศไทย ได้ รับอิทธิพลจากลมมรสุม THI > 72 for production and around 68 for reproduction are considered to indicate heat stress in dairy cattle 32 80 30 75 28 70 26 65 24 60 55 22 50 20 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average air temperature (oC) 85 Month (a) Temperature-humidity index Average relative humidity (%) Heat stress in Thailand 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month (b) How to reduce the effects of heat stress ? Production traits adjustment of housing and facilities Feed and Feeding management Crossbreeding system x B.indicus B.taurus How to reduce the effects of heat stress ? Fertility traits avoiding breeding during hot conditions estrus synchronization timed artificial insemination Alternative method Production traits Housing and Shading management Feed and Feeding management Crossbreeding system Genetic selection x B.indicus B.taurus Fertility traits avoiding breeding during hot season estrus synchronization timed artificial insemination What traits are interest to study? Genetic selection Ravagnolo and Misztal, (2000) • Using regular monthly milk records • THI information at the collecting date • Using days open records How heat stress affect on genetic ? National genetic evaluation under hot-humid climates of Thailand Rectal temperature || milk temp. || physiological responses Heat stress Milk production Temperature – humidity index; THI Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University ปั จจัยที่สัมพันธ์ ต่อการเกิดความเครี ยดเนื่องจากร้ อน ในโคนม • • • • • • • • • Length of exposure to heat stress Level of production Stage of lactation Cooling management Feed consumption Feed offered Breed cattle species Size of the animal National genetic evaluation under hot-humid climates of Thailand Expected benefits : Improve genetic performance for heat tolerance Increase milk production level Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University National genetic evaluation under hot-humid climates of Thailand Implications : Threshold point Estimated breeding value; EBV Best genetic performance for milk production under heat stress conditions THI Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University Genetic effect Animal 1 Animal 2 Ent1 Ent2 No G x E interaction Animal 2 Ent1 Ent2 Scaling G x E interaction Genetic effect Genetic effect Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal 1 Ent1 Ent2 Reranking G x E interaction
