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Global Pro-Poor Fisheries and Aquaculture Development IFAD CoP Workshop 12-13 January 2009, Rome partnership excellence growth the MDGs, fisheries & aquaculture • Fisheries and aquaculture can help meet the Millennium Development Goals • fish contributes >50% of protein intake for 400 million people from the poorest African and South Asian countries • employs 135 million worldwide, a quarter of whom work in aquaculture • for the World’s 40 least developed countries, fish is the third largest traded commodity partnership excellence growth small-scale fisheries and aquaculture Importance: Safety Net • Part of diversified livelihood strategies. • Contributes to food and nutrition security. • Vulnerable sector • Often landless • Highly mobile • Marginalised Importance: Economic Driver • An important cash generator. • Strong economic multiplier effects. • 50% of the 80 billion dollar a year global fish trade from LDCs • Economically resilient (esp compared to industrial fisheries). Challenges: (i) wider changes in the environment – especially water management and climate change; (ii) insecure rights; (iii) social exclusion; (iv) poor access to services partnership excellence growth small-scale fisheries & aquaculture • Over half of global production from • small-scale fisheries(37-43 million t) • food production sector (avg 6% per year over the past 5 years). It now Marine catches larger than inland accounts for 33% of global fish supply (28-30 million t vs 9-13 million t) • Resilience Participation greater in inland SSF • participation Sustainability managed properly 14-15 million in inland SSF) Women ca. 60% of overall Environmental problems can arise if use of ecosystem services not (11-12 million people in marine vs • Aquaculture is the fastest growing • Challenge: increase food production while maintaining ecosystem resilience and reducing poverty partnership excellence growth resilient small-scale fisheries… absorb shocks and reorganise themselves following stresses and disturbance while still delivering benefits for poverty reduction Social Resilience Ecological Resilience partnership excellence growth sustainable aquaculture… • produces fish in ways that do not store up environmental problems for the future • uses land, water, food and energy wisely and efficiently • is integrated into national economies in ways that maximize its development impact partnership excellence growth multiple dimensions of poverty Income and asset poverty Social exclusion Fisherfolk not always the ‘poorest of the poor’ in income terms Vulnerability Physical asset profiles strongly mediated by rights to land, mobility, uncertain production system Social exclusion: inequality and ‘elite capture’ of rights in CBFM, poor access to services (inc. health, education, finance, justice) Vulnerability: insecure rights, uncertain production systems, high physical, economic and regulatory or institutional risks (Bene, Macfadayen, Allison, 2007) partnership excellence growth vulnerability & incentives for resource conservation Risk perception: Fish stock decline may be low in fisherfolk’s risk-hierarchies; aquaculture investment may be seen as too risky Social exclusion: fishers and farmers not able to gain the support of external agents to improve rights and access to services Overall outcome: fishers lack incentives and means to manage resources, even when granted to them through ‘rights-based fishing’; aquaculture technology uptake low by the poorest Policy implications: Incentives to claim and defend aquatic property rights (and to risk investing in aquaculture) may require vulnerability to be reduced and other rights to be strengthened partnership excellence growth perceptions of risks to livelihoods From participatory vulnerability mapping exercises with fishers and fish workers in East Africa: 1. Malaria and other common illnesses 2. Gear theft and personal insecurity 3. Insecure rights of access to land and landing sites 4. Unpredictable seasons/weather (climate change) 5. Rising costs of inputs 6. Marketing-related insecurities . . . 11. Too much fishing; decline of fish stocks. partnership excellence growth example: vulnerability of fisheries to climate change impacts Low High Missing data Allison et al, in press partnership excellence growth example: vulnerabililty of fisherfolk to HIV/AIDS National adult Fisherfolk seroprevalence seroprevalence (%) (%) Number of HIV positive fishers Kenya 6.7 30.5 45 000 Thailand 1.5 6.9 24 000 0.1 1.4 72 000 Indonesia (Allison & Seeley, 2004; Kissling et al., 2005) partnership excellence growth why addressing poverty, vulnerability, and rights helps fishery governance The more secure people feel, the more they save and invest in the future As fishing people become more secure, the risks of fishery decline becomes the most important remaining source of insecurity This leads to more incentive to invest in governing fish stocks. Incentives and capacity to claim and defend property rights will be clearer and stronger if violations of fisherfolk’s broader human rights are addressed first partnership excellence growth investments to reduce vulnerability… Diversification, microfinance, education & skills Organisational development, labour rights, migrant’s rights, gender equity Income & Asset Poverty Marginalisation Improve access to health services, secure land rights, aquatic property rights Vulnerability partnership excellence growth …in the context of responsible fisheries and ecosystem-based management Reduce vulnerability and strengthen rights Reform fisheries governance Build assets and capabilities How to prevent overfishing while supporting livelihood interests and contributing to poverty reduction and food security? Develop new technologies & markets Assess resource & environmental status to guide fishery management partnership excellence growth an integrated approach to pro-poor fisheries and AQ development Threat Market failure Response Strengthen access to infrastructure, Information, higher-value markets Governance failure Clarify and strengthen aquatic property or user rights Entitlements failure Claim human rights – to food, health, decent work, freedom from discrimination etc partnership excellence growth communities of practice can help to maximise our impact A Linear World View A Networked World View Thinking For Thinking With Developing Technologies Technologies plus….. partnership excellence growth Dr. Ann Gordon WorldFish Center [email protected] partnership excellence growth