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The Excretory System Purpose Contributes to homeostasis Regulates internal environment by eliminating metabolic waste products: Volume Electrolyte pH composition Waste Products Some are metabolic E.g. Water, salts, CO2, and urea Urea is a toxic compound that is produced when amino acids are used for energy (contain nitrogen). Three Organs Kidneys Lungs Skin 1. Kidneys Main organs of excretion. Remove excess water, urea & other excess mineral wastes from the body. Act as filters to remove wastes that are collected and transported by the blood. E.g. Surplus in water or electrolyte (salt) in blood = kidneys excrete in the urine. 2. Lungs Every time we exhale, we get rid of small amounts of water vapor and CO2. CO2 is the waste product of cells that must be removed from the body so you can take in oxygen. 3. Skin Excretes excess water, salts, and small amounts of urea through sweating. The Urinary System Made up of: Left and right kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Removes wastes and toxins from the blood and produces urine. Urine: made of water, excess salts, & urea Kidney Structure Bean shaped Either side of the spinal column, near lower back Size of your fist Each are attached to a renal artery & a renal vein 10 10 Renal Vessels Renal artery – blood from aorta unfiltered and full of bodily wastes Renal vein – filtered blood http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=1&Proc=69 Ureters and Bladder Ureter leaves each kidney with fluid containing excess water, salts, urea & other waste products Ureters lead to the bladder; liquid wastes are deposited/stored here Expulsion of wastes controlled by specific sphincter muscles – voluntary control. http://www.etsy.com/listing/70476539/kidneys-crochet-plush-with-uretersand http://www.emedicinehealth.com/prolapsed_bladder/page17_em.htm Kidney Regions 2 distinct regions: 1. 2. Inner Part: Renal Medulla Outer Part: Renal Cortex Nephrons In the renal cortex Working parts of the kidney Each acts as an individual unit of filtration About 1 million nephrons per kidney http://www.agefotostock.com/age/ingles/enam01b.asp?foto=13173541&key1=&foto_clave=BSI-3555309&famp=1 FYI The kidneys receive approximately 10% of the blood that is pumped out of our heart every minute. Adult kidneys filter approx. 180L of blood daily. Filtration-Reabsorption-Secretion-Excretion 1. Filtration - Bowman’s Capsule (BC) -Hollow bulb surrounding ball of capillaries (Glomerulus) http://www.pitt.edu/~anat/Abdomen/Kidneys/Kidneys.htm http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/chap26/chapter%2026-new_part1.htm Filtration (cont’d) Blood enters via renal artery Blood filters through permeable walls under pressure Filtered materials (urea, glucose, salts, & some vitamins) are called filtrates. http://physrev.physiology.org/content/88/2/451 Filtration (cont’d) Platelets, red and white blood cells remain in the blood (too large to pass) Adult kidneys filter approx. 180L of blood daily. Filtration-Reabsorption-Secretion-Excretion 2. Re-Absorption - Tubules Some filtrates reabsorbed by active transport valuable & can’t be lost Water returns to blood through osmosis 99% of the water that is filtered out of BC is reabsorbed into your blood Filtration-Reabsorption-Secretion-Excretion 3. Secretion - Tubules Excess fluid leaves BC & enters tubules URINE. First part – Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT). carries (LH). fluid down into the Loop of Henle 3. Secretion - Tubules Urine concentrated in the tubule at the LH. i.e.water reabsorbed Urine moves up Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) & meets ureter Filtration-Reabsorption-Secretion-Excretion 4. Excretion Purified blood returns to the body through the renal vein, which runs to the Inferior Vena Cava Urine moves from the nephrons to ureters and goes to the bladder for storage Once urine is ready to leave the body, the urine will be expelled through the urethra. Stretch receptors in bladder Recap: http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/chap26/chapter%2026-new_part1.htm http://www.ask.com/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3410saul/outlines08fall/nephron.gif Kidney Failure You have two kidneys in the body located on either side of the spine and extend a little below the ribs. Your kidneys are bean-shaped organs and is about the size of a fist. The kidneys receive approximately 10% of the blood that is pumped out of our heart every minute. Your kidneys are responsible for the following: Regulate fluids Balance chemicals Remove wastes Secrete hormones Condition Explanation: Progressive in nature Anemia possible – lack of iron Malnutrition (lack of appetite) Decrease well-being Increased risk for heart disease Toxins build up in blood Weight gain (excess fluids, swollen ankles, puffiness) Fluid imbalances – dizziness – nausea Treatment Options: General Limit fluid intake, high carb, low protein, low potassium diet Too much potassium can cause irregular heartbeat Haemodialysis Most common method Use of a machine (size of dishwasher) – blood flow through special filter to remove and filter wastes Clean blood returned to body Strict schedule – 3 times a week for 3 to 5 hours each time Side effects Less energy Loss of time Once a month blood is tested to see how effective dialysis is – may not work forever! Peritoneal Dialysis Removes extra water, wastes, and chemicals Cleansing solution passed through catheter into abdomen After a couple of hours the solution is drained Does not require a machine Strict diet More recent advances, more flexibility (done at home) Kidney Transplantation Receive a healthy kidney from a living donor or a recently deceased donor When effective recovers quality of health AND life Yields longer life expectancy Could be long waiting lists (shortage of donors) Typical Surgery Risks (bleeding, infection, etc.) Anti-rejection medications after surgery – may weaken immune system Risk of rejection (body doesn’t accept kidney)