Download Risk factors for heart disease

anatomy
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The heart is a hollow , 4 chambered
muscular organ which lies in the
mediastinal cavity between the right
and left lungs just behind the body of
the sternum
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A pointy blunt section of the heart
points to the left side of the heart and it
is called he apex of the heart.
2/3 of its mass is to the left of the
midline and 1/3 is to the right
The average heart is 5 inches long
and 31/2 inches wide.
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The primary function of the heart is to
supply the body with enough blood to
meet its metabolic demands.
A normal heart beats 60-100 times per
minute. Pumping an average of 5.5
liters per minute.
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What is the primary function of the
heart?
a) to supply the body with blood to
meet the metabolic needs.
b) to help with insulin production
c) to produce RBC's
d) to help create increased metabolism
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How many times does the heart beat
per minute?
a) 40-60
b) 60-80
c) 60-100
d) 90-120
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How many chambers are there in the
human heart?
a) one
b) three
c) four
d) six
Heart layers
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Pericardium: outermost layer
Myocardium: middle muscular layer
Endocardium; inner layer
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THE MIDDLE MUSCULAR LAYER OF
THE HEART IS CALLED WHICH OF
THE FOLLOWING?
a) ENDOCARDIUM
b) PERICARDIUM
c) EPICARDIUIM
d) MYOCARDIUM
Heart surfaces
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Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Inferior surface
Lateral surface
Heart chambers
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2 upper chambers right and left atrium
2 lower chambers right and left
ventricles
The 2 atrium are divided by the
interatrial septum.the 2 lower
chambers are divided by the
interventricular septum
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The right heart receives deoxygenated
blood from the body and sends it to the
lungs for oxygenation.
The left heart receives oxygenated
blood and sends it to the body. Each
heart beat =2 and ½ ounces.
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What side of the heart receives
deoxygenated blood?
a) right side
b) left side
valves
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The tricuspid valve separates the right
atrium from the right ventricle.
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Mitral valve separates the left atrium
and ventricle.
Called AV valves(atria and ventricles)
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What valve seperates the right atrium
from the right ventricle?
A) tricuspid valve
b)Mitral valve
c) bicuspid valve
d) pulmanary valve
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The valves have cusp or leaflets which
are connected to papillary muscles in
the ventricles called chordae tendineae
Incomplete closure of the valves
creates a murmur.
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What creates a heart murmur?
a) the normal opening and closing of
the valves
b) incomplete closure of the valves
c) arteriosclorosis
d) PDA
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The aortic and pulmonary valve (semilunar) valves prevent back flow into the
ventricle from the pulmonary artery and
aorta
The lub dup sound of the heart beat is
the valves opening and closing.
Blood flow
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The right atrium receives
unoxygenated blood from the superior
and inferior vena cava, and the
coronary sinus.
The tricuspid valve opens and the
blood fills the right ventricle .
The right ventricle now contracts
ejecting the blood through the
pulmonary valve into the lungs via the
pulmonary artery.
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Where does the right atrium receive
blood?
a) coronary sinus
b)Superior vena cava
c) inferior vena cava
d) all of the above
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In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen
and releases carbon dioxide.
The left atrium receives the
oxygenated blood from the lungs via
the pulmonary veins.as the left atrium
fills with blood the pressure increases
and the mitral valve opens allowing
blood to flow into the left ventricle.
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The left ventricle contracts and ejects
the blood through the aortic valve into
the aorta where it is distributed to the
rest of the body.
The right and left side side are working
simultaneously.
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Where does the blood pick up oxygen
and release carbon dioxide?
a) heart
b) coronary sinus
c) capillaries
d) lungs
Discection film
Risk factors for heart disease
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Heredity
Gender
Age
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes
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Smoking
Diet
Lack of exercise
Obesity
stress
Disease process
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The coronary arteries supply oxygen
rich blood to the heart muscle.
Arteriosclerosis is a thickening and
hardening of the wall which causes a
loss of elasticity resulting in decreased
blood flow.
A lack of blood flow to the heart results
in an oxygen and nutrient deficit called
ischemia.
Angina
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Lack of blood flow to the heart will
cause chest pain.
S&S are the same as a heart attack
S&S: tightening band, or a crushing
sensation., burning sensation like
indigestion it may radiate to the left jaw
or arm, SOB, anxiety, light-headedness
Myocardial infarction
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When an artery is totally occluded and
blood flow is blocked or shut off tissue
death occurs.
Muscle death is a heart attack.
S&S similar to angina only more
severe and longer may also be N/V
and diaphoresis
Diagnostic treatments
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Cardiac catherization:A tube is inserted
into the femoral artery and feed up to
the heart chambers. The patient is
awake but sedated.
Angiogram: during the cardiac
catherization
A dye is injected into the coronary
arteries in order to detect blockages in
the artery.
Percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty
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PTCA is a tx for blocked arteries that
can be performed upon completion of
the angiogram.A catheter with a
balloon ath the end is placed in the
artery at the site of the blockage. As
the balloon is inflated and enlarges the
diameter of the artery. This increases
blood flow
TEE
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Transesophageal echocardiography ;
A flexible tube about the size of your
index finger is inserted in your mouth
and down your esophagus at the tip of
the tube is a small probe that
produces sound waves.they bounce off
the heart and make a picture on a
screen.
Coronary artery bypass graft
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CABG: open heart surgery: blood
vessels from other parts of the body
are removed and (harvested) they are
sewn into the aorta and then into the
coronary artery beyond the blockage.
These harvested vessels bypass the
blockage
Cardioversion ; defibrillation
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External electrical shocks are applied
to a patient in order to correct
ventricular tachycardia or ventricular
fibrillation
Implanted cardiac defibrillator
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ICD s small defibrillator implanted into
a patients chest that will automatically
detect tachycardia.
Implanted cardiac defibrillator
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ICD s small defibrillator implanted into
a patients chest that will automatically
detect tachycardia.
echocardiogram
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A test that uses ultrasonic waves to
obtain a picture of the chambers,
valves, and walls of the heart. This test
can also detect abnormalities of the
heart valves and walls
pacemaker
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A surgically implanted device used in
patients whose heartbeat is too slow.
drugs
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Streptokinase and tissue plasminogen
activator are meds called thrombolytic
agents which dissolve clots.
Aspirin also thins the blood
Coronary circulation
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There are 2 coronary arteries that
provide blood supply to the heart. The
right and left coronary sinus.
Cardiac cells
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The heart consists of electrical cells
and myocardial cells. The electrical
cells are responsible for impulse
formation.
The electrical cells generate and
conduct electrical impulses that result
in contraction and relaxation of the
myocardial cells.
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These electrical impulses are
generated by a flow of positively
charged ions back and forth across the
cardiac cell membrane creating and
electrical current which results in
depolarization (electrical activation)
Contraction and
repolarization(recovery)
electrolytes
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Each cardiac cell is surrounded by and
filled with a solution that contains
positively charged ions. And negatively
charged ions.
Potassium is the intracellular ion and
sodium is the extracellular ion.
In the resting state of the cell the inside
of the cell membrane is considered
negatively
Charged.
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While the outside is considered positively
charged. Once an electrical impulse is
generated sodium moves into the cell and K
Begins to exit converting the electrical forces
inside the cell to a positive charge. The cell
is then depolarized. As soon as the cell is
depolarized K re-enters the cell and Na exits
returning the inside to a resting neg charge.
Electrical conduction
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SA node =60-100 bpm
AV node= 40-60
Ventricular pacemaker 30-40
EKG
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The hearts electrical activity is
represented on the EKG monitor as 3
waveforms
P wave
QRS complex and T wave
Ekg :practice session