Download Sistem kardiovaskuler

TERMINOLOGI MEDIS II
Patologi Sistem
Sirkulasi/Kardiovaskuler
By:
Sarah Suzanna,dr
Farida Gustini, drg.
SISTEM SIRKULASI/kardiovaskuler
Terdiri atas:
 Jantung
 Darah
 Pembuluh darah
 Aorta
 Vena (pembuluh darah balik)
 Arteri (pemb. darah nadi)
 Venula
 Arteriola
 Kapiler
Lanjut…st.kardiovaskuler
 Sistem kardiovaskuler berfungsi mengedarkan darah ke seluruh
tubuh, membawa oksigen dan gizi ke semua jaringan tubuh dan
mengangkut semua zat buangan
JANTUNG
1. Dindingnya terdiri atas 3 lapis yaitu:
Perikardium, merupakan selaput pembungkus jantung
Miokardium, merupakan otot jantung
Endokardium, merupakan selaput yang membatasi ruangan jantung
2. Ruangan jantung:
Jantung mempunyai 4 ruangan jantung yaitu :
a. 2 serambi (atrium) yaitu atrium sinister / kiri dan atrium dekster /
kanan
b. 2 bilik (ventrikel) yaitu vebtrikel sinister / kiri dan ventrikel dekster /
kanan
jantung
3. Klep jantung
Antara ruang jantung dihubungkan oleh klep
atau katub jantung seperti:
1. valvula trikuspidalis = klep jantung berdaun
tiga yang terletak antara atrium kanan dengan
ventrikel kanan
2. Valvula bicuspidalis = klep jantung berdaun
dua, terletak antara atrium kiri dengan ventrikel
kiri
Jantung juga memiliki korda tendinae yaitu urat
jantung yang menjaga katup (klep)
jantung mendapat makanan dan O2 dari nadi
tajuk (arteri coronaria)
Otot jantung termasuk otot involunter yang
bekerja di luar kendali sistem koordinasi.
jantung
 Kelistrikan jantung
1.S.A node sbg pemicu timbulnya aksi
potensial (pace maker). Terletak di dinding
anterior RA berdekatan dengan tempat
masuknya vena cava sup.
2.A.V node terletak pada septum atrium
bagian kanan dan sedikit posterior katup
triskupidalis/ dekat muara sinus
koronarius
3.Berkas His, lanjutan dari AV node,
merupakan penghubung fungsional
antara otot atrium dan ventrikel,
kemudian bercabang menjadi left and
right bundle branch. Kemudian ke seratserat purkinye yang berada di sel-sel
miokardium.
jantung
 Jantung berfungsi sebagai pompa
darah ke seluruh tubuh
 Dari seluruh tubuh, darah mengalir 
vena cava superior dan inferior  right
atrium,  right ventrikel melalui
tricucpidalis valve, yang memompa
darah ke arteri pulmonalis menuju
paru. Pada paru terjadi proses
pertukaran gas sehingga darah yang
teroksigenasi vena pulmonalis 
left atrium  left ventrikel melalui
mitral valve  darah dipompa ke
aorta  ke seluruh tubuh.
Pembuluh darah
 Pembuluh darah merupakan keseluruhan sistem
peredaran (sistem kardiovaskuler) terdiri dari arteri,
arteriola, kapiler, venula dan vena.
 Pembuluh arteri berdinding tebal, berotot, dan elastis
untuk menahan tingginya tekanan darah yang dipompa
dari jantung.
 Vena yang membawa darah kembali ke jantung,
berdinding lebih tipis dan mudah teregang,
memungkinkannya mengembang dan membawa darah
berjurnlah besar saat tubuh sedang beristirahat. Dinding
dalam pada banyak vena mempunyai lipatan yang
berperan sebagai katup searah untuk mencegah darah
bergerak ke arah yang salah.
Roots yang berhubungan dengan
St.Kardiovaskuler dan Limfatik
Root
Arti
Contoh
Pengertian
contoh
Cardi/o
Jantung
cardiomyopathy
any disease of the
heart muscle
Atri/o
Atrium, serambi
atriotomy
surgical incision of
an atrium
Ventricul/o
Ventrikel, ruang,
bilik
supraventricular
above a ventricle
Valv/o , Valvul/o
Valve , katup
valvectomy
surgical removal
of a valve
Roots for the Blood Vessels
Root
Meaning
Example
Meaning of example
angi/o
vessel
Angiopathy
any disease of blood
vessels
vas/o, vascul/o
vessel, duct,
pembuluh darah
Vasodilation
widening of a blood
vessel
arter/o, arteri/o Artery
Endarterial
within an artery
arteriol/o
Arteriol
Arteriolar
pertaining to an
arteriole
aort/o
Aorta
Aortoptosis
downward
displacement of the
aorta
ven/o, ven/i
Vein, vena
Venous
pertaining to a vein
phleb/o
Vein, vena
Phlebectasia
dilatation of a vein
Terminology
Meaning
aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery,
caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
angina pectoris
A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to
the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by
insufficient blood supply to the heart
atherosclerosis
The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of
arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel
wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the
arteries). Root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel.”
bradycardia
A slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
cerebrovascular
accident (CVA)
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow.
Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage
from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke.
clubbing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by
growth of
the soft tissue around the nails . Seen in a variety of
diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
deep vein
thrombosis (DVT)
Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
Terminology
Meaning
diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
dissecting aneurysm
An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates
the layers. Usually involves the aorta
dyslipidemia
Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in
development
of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids),
hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hypertriglyceridemia (high
triglycerides)
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea)
edema
Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess
fluid.
Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure,
inflammation,
and malnutrition.
embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter
carried
in the circulation
fibrillation
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle
fibers,
as in the atria or the ventricles
Terminology
Meaning
heart block
An interference in the conduction system of the heart
resulting in
arrhythmia
heart failure
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain
adequate
circulation of blood
hemorrhoid
A varicose vein in the rectum
hypertension
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.
Essential (primary,
idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause
infarct
An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from
a blockage
or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
ischemia
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of
the circulation
(root hem/o)
murmur
An abnormal heart sound
Terminology
Meaning
myocardial infarction (MI)
Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting
from
blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies
that area.
Myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a
thrombus
(clot) in a vessel
occlusion
A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
plaque
A patch. With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit
of fatty
material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes
blood
flow and may block the vessel. Atheromatous plaque.
rheumatic heart disease
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of
streptococcus
(group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced
in
response to the infection produce scarring of the valves,
usually the
mitral valve.
Terminology
Meaning
shock
Circulatory failure resulting in inadequate supply of blood to
the
heart. Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure;
hypovolemic
shock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is
caused by
bacterial infection
stenosis
Constriction or narrowing of an opening
stroke
See cerebrovascular accident
syncope
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood
flow
to the brain; fainting
tachycardia
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 beats per
minute
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood
clot
thrombosis
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
thrombus
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root thromb/o)
Terminology
Meaning
varicose vein
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves,
pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root varic/o);
also called varix (VAR-iks) or varicosity
angioplasty
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow.
Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a
balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the
vessel open.
artificial
pacemaker
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate
the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be
designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent
tachycardia
cardioversion
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished
pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of
electric current (see defibrillation)
coronary
angiography
Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an
opaque dye by means of a catheter
coronary artery
bypass graft
(CABG)
Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The
aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel
or a piece of another vessel, usually the saphenous vein of the leg or
the left internal mammary artery
Terminology
Meaning
defibrillation
Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by
delivering
a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered
to the surface of the chest or be delivered directly to the heart
through wire leads.
echocardiography
(ECG)
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize
internal
cardiac structures
electrocardiography Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by
electrodes
lipoprotein
A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified
according
to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and
high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have
been correlated
with health of the cardiovascular system.
percutaneous
transluminal
coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)
Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon
catheter
inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque
against the
artery wall
Gagal jantung (Heart failure)
 Definisi : suatu keadaan patofisiologi berupa kelainan
fungsi jantung sehingga jantung tidak mampu
memompa darah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
metabolisme jaringan
 Faktor predisposisi :
- Penurunan fungsi ventrikel (penyakit arteri koroner,
Hipertensi, Kardiomiopati, penyakit pembuluh darah
atau penyakit jantung kongenital)
 Faktor pencetus :
- peningkatan asupan garam. Ketidakpatuhan
menjalani pengobatan anti gagal jantung, IMA,
hipertensi, aritmia akut, infeksi, emboli paru, anemia,
tirotoksikosis, kehamilan, endokarditis infektif
Infarc miocard acute
 Nekrosis otot jantung (miokardium) akibat
gangguan aliran darah ke otot jantung
Angina pectoris
 Suatu sindrom klinis berupa serangan sakit dada yang khas 
menjalar ke lengan kiri yang timbul pada saat melakukan
aktivitas dan segera menghilang saat aktivitas dihentikan
 Dibagi menjadi 2:
a. Stable Angina Pectoris
b. Unstable Angina Pectoris
Penyakit jantung hipertensif
 Hipertrofi ventrikel kiri sebagai akibat dari
peningkatan tahanan pembuluh darah perifer
dan peningkatan beban pada ventrikel kiri
Insufisiensi Mitral
 Katup jantung tidak
bisa menutup
sempurna pada waktu
sistolik
Stenosis Mitral
 Adanya fibrosis dan
fusi komisura katup
mitral pada waktu fase
penyembuhan demam
rematik
 Stenosis Aorta
 Insufisiensi Aorta
 Endokarditis Infektif
penyakit infeksi oleh mikroorganisme pada
endokardium atau katup jantung
 Demam Rematik Akut
suatu penyakit sistemik akut atau kronik yang
dapat sembuh sendiri dan menimbulkan
kecacatan pada katup jantung secara lambat
 Penyakit Jantung Rematik
penyakit yang ditandai dengan kerusakan
pada katup jantung akibat serangan karditis
rheumatik akut yang berulang-ulang
DRA adalah merupakan penyakit yang terjadi
sesudah infeksi Streptococcus beta
hemolyticus
 Kor Pulmonal
Penyakit paru dengan hipertrofi atau dilatasi
ventrikel kanan akibat gangguan fungsi atau
struktur paru
 Kardiomiopathi
Kelainan otot jantung yang diketahui
sebabnya
 Kardiomiopathi dilatasi/kongestif
penyakit miokard yang ditandai dengan
dilatasi ruangan-ruangan jantung dan gagal
jantung kongestif akibat berkurangnya fungsi
pompa sistolik secara progresif serta
peningkatan volume akhir diastolik dan
sistolik
 Kardiomiopathi Hipertrofik:
terjadi pembesaran Septum interventrikuler secara berlebihan
sehingga aliran darah keluar dari ventrikel kiri terhambat
 Kardiomiopathi restriktif
kelainan komposisi miokardium sehingga lebih kaku
menyebabkan pengisian ventrikel kiri terganggu mengurangi
curah jantung dan meningkatkan tekanan pengisian ventrikel kiri
 Perikarditis
peradangan perikardium parietal, perikardium viseral, atau
keduanya. Terbagi atas perikarditis akut dan kronis
 Perikarditis Kronik konstriktif
penebalan difus perikardium akibat inflamasi
yang terjadi sebelumnya sehingga luas
jantung berkurang  curah jantung
berkurang  tekanan pengisian meningkat
 Tamponade Jantung:
terjadi pengumpulan cairan di perikardium
dalam jumlah yang cukup untuk
menghambat aliran darah ke ventrikel
 SEKIAN DULU
 SELAMAT BELAJAR
 SEMOGA SUKSES