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Advanced Chem/AP Chemistry 6 “Big Ideas” of AP Chemistry Big Idea 1: Structure of Matter Big Idea 4: Kinetics The chemical elements are the building blocks of matter, which can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. Molecules & elements Chemical analysis The mole Electron configuration Periodicity Quantum mechanical model Atomic models Mass spectrometry Light & matter Conservation of Matter Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. Rate of reactions Rate laws Rate constant Elementary reactions Activation energy Reaction path Multistep reactions Rate limiting step Reaction intermediates Catalysts Big Idea 2: Bonding & IMF’s Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and the arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules and the forces between them. Solids & liquids Gases Solutions Intermolecular forces o o o o o o Intramolecular forces o o o London Dispersion forces Dipole forces Hydrogen bonding Ionic solids Covalent network solids Molecular solids Covalent bonding Ionic bonding Metallic bonding Lewis Diagrams & VSEPR models Big Idea 3: Chemical Reactions Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons. Evidence of a chemical change Driving forces Molecular, ionic & net ionic equations Stoichiometry Classification of reactions Exothermic & endothermic reactions Electrochemistry Big Idea 5: Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. Temperature (heat exchange) Energy transfer o o o Heating & cooling curves Heat of fusion & vaporization Specific heat capacity Conservation of energy Enthalpy of reaction Intermolecular potential energy Entropy Spontaneous processes Gibbs free energy Big Idea 6: Equilibrium Bonds or attractions that can be formed can be broken. These tow processes are in constant competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external forces or changes. Reversible reactions Equilibrium constant o o Pressure Solubility product constant Reaction quotient LeChatelier’s Principle Acid-Base equilibrium pH & buffers Free energy & Equilibrium constant