Download Department of Electron Devices Microelectronics, BSc course

Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Microelectronics, BSc course
MOS inverters
http://www.eet.bme.hu/~poppe/miel/en/13-MOSFET2.ppt
http://www.eet.bme.hu
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Overview of MSOFET types
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
2
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of enhancement mode
MOSFETs
inversion layer
Now we calculate with this!
triode
region
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
saturation
3
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Simple model of MSOFETs
► The
simplest (logic) model:
 mo conduction (off) / conduction (on)
| VGS |
Source
(of carriers)
Open (off) (Gate = ‘0’)
Gate
Drain
(of carriers)
enhancement mode
device
Closed (on) (Gate = ‘1’)
Ron
10-11-2009
| VGS | < | VT |
| VGS | > | VT |
"open"
"short"
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
4
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Let's construct an inverter!
► Resistor
at supply voltage (VDD)
► Other end connected to ground (GND)
through a swithc
► Switch controlled by a logic signal:
 1 (VDD level) – "short"
 0 (GND level) – "open"
VDD
load
resistor
► The
output is the common node of the
switch and the resistor
OUT
IN
GND
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
5
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Let's construct an inverter!
► IN
► IN
=1
=0
 switch "on"
 aoutput connected to
GND
VDD
 switch "off"
 output floating at VDD
0
1
OUT
OUT
 OUT = 0
1
 OUT = 1
IN
0
IN
GND
10-11-2009
VDD
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
GND
6
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Two switches in series: NAND gate
► If A and
VDD
B equal to 1, then
OUT=0
► This
is the
NOT (A AND B) function,
OUT
i.e. NAND
A
serial
conduction
path
B
GND
10-11-2009
In practice with max. 3..4 inputs.
If there are parallel conductions
paths then we get the NOR function
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
7
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
The scheme of the NOR gate:
► If A or
B equals to 1, then
OUT=0
VDD
OUT
GND
is the
NOT (A OR B) function,
i.e. NOR
B
A
► This
GND
PARALLEL
conduction path
Complex conduction paths == option for complex
logic gates
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
8
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Complex logic gates
► Serial
paths connected in parallel
VDD
OUT
D
A
Out  AB  C  ( D  E ) F
E
C
F
B
GND
10-11-2009
There are 4 paths
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
9
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Inverter realizations
Switch = n channle
MOSFET: normally OFF
device
VDD
VDD
Load resistor: another
transistor, e.g. in triode
region
VDD
VGG
load
OUT
OUT
OUT
drive
IN
IN
GND
IN
GND
GND
Needs another supply – not OK
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
10
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
nMOS technique – very simple
► Simple
process, outdated,
many disadvantages
VDD
Depl. mode tr.:
VT shifted by ion
implantation
OUT
► In
Id ~ W/L
IN
GND
10-11-2009
 static consumption if OUT=0
 if OUT = 0, it will not be a pure
GND level
 asymmetrical transfer
characteristic (see later)
both cases the load resistor
is replaced by a MOSFET but
this transistor was not
provided with an active control
 This is the passive load inverter
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
11
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Complex gates (in nMOS)
► Serial
conduction paths in parallel, e.g.:
OUT
There are 4 paths
10-11-2009
OUT  AB  C  ( D  E ) F
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
12
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
The CMOS technique
► The
name comes from: Complementary MOS
► Idea: the load also should be provided with active
control
 if the nMOS driver (switching) trasistor conducts the load
transistor must be an "open" circuit
 if the nMOS driver (switching) trasistor is an "open
circuit", the load must be conducting
► This
needs such a normally OFF device which
needs "opposite" control signals than the nMOS
transistors
 Such device is a pMOS transistor
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
13
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
The CMOS inverter
►
VDD
►
pMOS
An n and a p type enhancement
mode device
Active load inverter: the two
transitors have the same common
control
In steady state only one device is
"on", the other is "off".
OUT
IN
nMOS
IN
OUT
IN
OUT=1
GND
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
14
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Transfer
characteristic:
 output voltage vs. input voltage
U out  f (U in )
The output signal is the
inverted version of the
logic value of the input
signal
10-11-2009
Uout
"1"
"1"
"0"
Uin
transfer characteristic of an
ideal and a realistic inverter
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
15
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Xfer char. of a CMOS inverter
VDD
pMOS
OUT
IN
nMOS
UIN=UGSn
UOUT=UDSn
GND
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
16
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
immunity:
 Same Uout corresponds to a
wide Uin range
 There are 3 regions in the
charactersitic
 On the L and H sides the
characteristc is flat, i.e. any
voltage change in the input
has negligible effect on the
output.
"1"
Uout
► Noise
10-11-2009
H
"1"
"0"
L and H regions
L
Uin
transfer characteristic of an
ideal and a realistic inverter
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
17
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Signal
regeneration
U1
U2
1
U3
1
 depends on the slope of the
middle region
U2
Uout
U1 is a "bad" logic 0 signal.
Output U2 of the first
inverter is already close to
an acceptable logic 1 level.
output voltage U3 at the
second inverter is already a
"good" logic 0 level.
"1"
U3
"0"
U1
U2
Uin
transfer characteristic of an
ideal and a realistic inverter
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
18
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Signal
regeneration
6.0
U1
U2
1
U1
U2
U3
1
U3
5.0
4.0
3.0
U [V]
UL=0V, UH=5V
2.0
1.0
-0.0
-1.0
0.0n
10.0n
20.0n
30.0n
40.0n
time [sec]
(SPICE simulation)
In case of U3 both the voltage level and the signal form are
visibly regenerated!
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
19
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Inverter
logic threshold voltage
The level, under which the
signals will be converted
into logical 0 and above
which the signals will be
converted by the inverter
chain into logical 1
Uout
Vdd
Uk
Intersection of the Uin=Uout
line and the x-fer
characteristic
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
Vdd
Uin
20
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Logic
level ranges
The voltage range of the
logic 0 and 1 values within
which the circuit works
safely in the respective
logic level
Uout
Vdd
UHm
Uk
UZ
Example:
74HC00,
Vdd=3V,
ULM=0.9V
UHm=2.1V
10-11-2009
ULM
Vdd
Uin
Important voltage values
ULM, max. of logic 0
UHm, min. op logic 1
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
21
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Propagation
delay
Uin
U
Uout
UHm
ULH
t
tpd
tpd is difficult to define, and may be different for
switching on and off (e.g. nMOS inverters)
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
22
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Inverter
pair delay
n
1
n+2
1
1
A long chain of uniform inverters is assumed. After a certain number
of inverters the signal form will be determined by the inverter
properties only.
After propagating throug 2 inverters the signal will be the same, the
delay will be tpdp – the inverter pair delay
U
Un
Un+2
t
tpdp
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
23
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Measuring
the inverter pair delay
THE RING OSCILLATOR
Odd number of inverters connected in a
chain, no stable state  oscillate
1
1
1
1
1
T=ntpdp
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
24
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Electron Devices
Characteristics of inverters, rudiments
► Power-delay
product (P)
 low power and small delay refer to good quality, the product may be a
figure of merit for the quality of a circuit family.
 the physical meaning: the minimal energy, needed to work on 1 bit of
information.
10-11-2009
Microelectronics BSc course, MOS inverters © András Poppe, BME-EET 2008
25