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Infinitives
P. 32
Realidades 1
Infinitives
• Verbs are words that are most
often used to name actions.
• Verbs in English have different
forms depending on who is doing
the action or when the action is
occurring:
• I walk, she walks, we walked, etc.
Infinitives
• The most basic form of a verb is
called the INFINITIVE.
• In English, you can spot infinitives
because they always have the word
“TO” in front of them:
• to swim, to read, to write
Infinitives
• Infinitives in Spanish, though, don’t
have a separate word like “to” in front
of them.
• Spanish infinitives are only one word,
and always end in -ar, -er, or -ir:
• Nadar
• Leer
• Escribir
Negatives
P. 36
Realidades 1
Negatives
To make a sentence negative in
Spanish, you usually put “no” in
front of the verb or expression.
In English you usually use the word
“not.”
No me gusta cantar.
I do not like to sing.
Negatives
To answer a question negatively, in
Spanish you often use “no” twice.
The first “no” answers the question.
The second “no” says,
I do not … (don’t).”
Negatives
This is similar to the way you
answer a question in English.
¿Te gusta escribir cuentos?
Do you like to write stories?
No, no me gusta.
No, I don’t.
Negatives
In Spanish, you might use one or
more negatives after answering “no.”
¿Te gusta cantar?
Do you like to sing?
No, no me gusta nada.
No, I don’t like it at all.
Negatives
If you want to say that you do not
like either of two choices, use
ni…ni:
No me gusta ni nadar ni dibujar.
I don’t like either swimming or
drawing.
I like neither swimming nor
drawing.
Agreement or
Disagreement
P. 38
Realidades 1
Agreement or Disagreement
 To
agree with what a person
likes, you use “a mí también.”
 It’s like saying “me too” in
English.
Agreement or Disagreement
 Me
gusta pasar tiempo con
amigos.
 I like to spend time with friends.
 A mí también.
 Me too.
Agreement or Disagreement
 If
somewone tells you that he or
she dislikes something, you can
agree by saying “a mí tampoco.”
 It’s like saying “me neither or
“neither do I” in English.
Agreement or Disagreement
 No
me gusta nada cantar.
 I don’t like to sing at all.
 A mí tampoco.
 Me neither.
Adjectives
P. 55
Realidades 1
Adjectives



Words that describe people and things
are called adjectives (adjetivos).
In Spanish, most adjectives have both
masculine and feminine forms.
The masculine form usually ends in the
letter -o and the feminine form usually
ends in the letter -a.
Adjectives
Masculine adjectives are used
to describe masculine nouns.
 Marcos es ordenado y
simpatico.
 Marcos is organized and nice.

Adjectives
Feminine adjectives are used to
describe feminine nouns.
 Marta es ordenada y simpática.
 Marta is organized and nice.

Adjectives
Adjectives that end in -e
describe both masculine and
feminine nouns.
 Take a look

Adjectives
Anita es inteligente.
 Anita is smart.
 Pedro es inteligente también.
 Pedro is also smart.

Adjectives
Masculine
Feminine
ordenado
trabajador
paciente
deportista
ordenada
traqbajadora
paciente
deportista
Adjectives
When an adjective ends in -or,
an -a is added to describe a
feminine noun.
 Juan es trabajador.
 Luz es trabajadora

Adjectives
Some adjectives that end in -a,
such as deportista, describe
both masculine and feminine
nouns.
 You will need to learn which
adjectives follow this pattern.

Adjectives
Tomás es deportista.
 Tomás is sports-minded.
 Marta es deportista también.
 Marta is also sports-minded.

Definite and Indefinite
Articles
P. 60
Realidades 1
Definite Articles
El
, La , Los and Las are
called definite articles.
Definite Articles
In
English they mean “the”
Definite Articles
We
use El and Los with
masculine nouns and La
and Las with feminine
nouns.
Indefinite Articles
Un,
Una, Unos, and Unas
are indefinite articles.
Indefinite Articles
Un
and Una mean
“a or an” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Unos
and Unas mean
“some” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Un
and Unos are
masculine and Una and
Unas are feminine.
Word Order:
Placement of Adjectives
P. 62
Realidades 1
Placement of Adjectives
 In
Spanish, adjectives usually
come after the noun they describe.
 Margarita es una chica artistica.
noun
adjective
Placement of Adjectives
 In
English sentences the
adjective comes before the
noun, but in Spanish adjectives
mostly come after the noun.
 Memorize this pattern
Placement of Adjectives
Subject + Verb + Noun + Adjective
 Margarita es una chica muy artistica.
 Pablo es un estudiante inteligente.
 La Sra. Ortiz es una profesora muy
buena.
Subject Pronouns
P. 82
Realidades 1
Subject Pronouns
The
subject of a sentence tells
who is doing the action.
You often use people’s names
as the subject:
Gregorio escucha música.
Ana canta y baila.
Subject Pronouns
You
also use subject pronouns
(I, you, he, she, we, they) to tell
who is doing an action.
The subject pronouns replace
people’s names.
Here are all the subject
pronouns.
Subject Pronouns (Singular)
Yo
I
(informal)
Usted (Ud.) You (formal)
He
Él
She
Ella
Tú
You
Subject Pronouns (Plural)
Nosotros
Nosotras
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
(Uds.)
We
(males)
We (females)
You All (informal)
You All (informal)
You All (formal)
They (males)
They (females)
Subject Pronouns
Tú,
usted, ustedes, and
vosotros(as) all mean “you.”
Use tú with family, friends,
people your age or younger, and
anyone you call by his or her
first name.
Subject Pronouns
Use
usted with adults you
address with a title, such as
señor, señora, profesor(a), etc.
Usted is usually written as Ud.
Subject Pronouns
In
Latin America, use ustedes
when speaking to two or more
people, regardless of age.
Ustedes is usually written as
Uds.
Subject Pronouns
In
Spain, use vosotros(as) when
speaking to two or more people
you call tú individually:
Tú + tú = vosotros(as)
Use ustedes when talking to
two or more people you call
usted individually.
Subject Pronouns
If
a group is made up of males
only or of both males and
females together, use the
masculine forms: nosotros,
vosotros, ellos.
Subject Pronouns
You
can combine a subject
pronoun and a name to form a
subject.
Subject Pronouns
Alejandro
y yo = nosotros
Carlos y ella = ellos
Pepe y tú = ustedes
Lola y ella = ellas
Present Tense of -ar
Verbs
P. 84
Realidades 1
VERBS
A
verb usually names
the action in a sentence.
We call the verb that
ends in -r the INFINITIVE
VERBS
The
INFINITIVE is the
form you would find in a
Spanish dictionary.
In English it means
“to + (verb)”
These are some INFINITIVES you
already know:
Enseñar
 Estudiar
 Hablar
 Bailar
 Cantar
 Dibujar
 Escuchar

Esquiar
 Jugar
 Montar
 Nadar
 Pasar tiempo
 Patinar
 And several
more!

IN SPANISH:
The
last letter or letters
of the verb tell you who
does the action.
IN SPANISH:
To
change an INFINITIVE
to a form that tells who
is doing the action,
remove the -ar and add
the appropriate ending.
IN SPANISH:
This
action is called
CONJUGATION
TO STUDY (English)
I
study
You
study
He
She
it
studies
We
study
They
study
ESTUDIAR (Spanish)
Yo
Tú
Ud.
Él
Ella
estudio
Nosotros estudiamos
Nosotras
estudias Vosotros estudáis
Vosotras
Uds.
estudia Ellos
estudian
Ellas
STEM / ENDING
For
every INFINITIVE in
Spanish there is a STEM
and an ENDING.
STEM / ENDING
For
example, for
“estudiar,”…”estudi” is
the stem.
“ar” is the ending.
STEM / ENDING
So,
the endings for -ar
verbs are:
o, as, a, amos, áis, an
THE VOSOTROS
Verb
forms ending in áis,
such as estudiáis, are
used mainly in the country
of Spain only.
Let’s CONJUGATE
Some more -ar verbs!
TOCAR
Yo
toco
Tú
tocas
Ud.
Él
Ella
toca
Nosotros
nosotras
Vosotros
vosotras
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
tocamos
tocáis
tocan
Enseñar
Nosotros enseñamos
Yo
enseño
Tú
enseñas Vosotros enseñáis
Ud.
Él
Ella
enseña
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
enseñan
NEGATING A SENTENCE
When
you want to say
that you do not do
something, use no
before the verb form
NEGATING A SENTENCE
Yo
no cocino en la clase
de educación física.
ASKING A QUESTION
When
we ask a question
in Spanish, we usually put
the subject after the verb
or sometimes at the end
of the sentence.
ASKING A QUESTION
Cocina
Juan en la clase
de ciencias?
Estudia mucho Paulina?
Verb
Subject