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Transcript
By Marcal/Joachim Lucas Verardo Some Important Terms Phonology- The study of sound patterns in a language Morphology- The study of word formation of a language Case- Any addition to a noun stem to change its meaning Syntax- General term for layout of grammar and word order Indo-European Evolved 7000 B.C. in present-day Ukraine Spread to Europe and Asia by 2500 B.C. Became the root of many major languages Proto-Indo-European Common Indo-European Characteristics Case SystemConsisted of 8 cases. 5 vowel sounds Inflected pronunciation Six verb tenses Flexible word order (SOV) 3 voices: Active, passive, and middle (reflexive) 5 Moods: Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative, Injunctive 3 Genders Branches of Indo-European Twelve major branches, only ten have surviving languages Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Illyric, Thracian, Iranian, Indic, and Romance Two extinct branches; Anatolian and Tokharian Proto-Germanic Earliest evolution of Germanic branch languages Believed to have used a system of runes as ideographs Elder Futhark Eventually evolved an alphabet No writings ever found German Considered a root language of the Germanic branch Broke apart- First and Second Germanic Sound Shifts Shifts cause a number of distinct dialects to appear German vs. Indo-European Germanic contains three genders Only contains 4 cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive and Dative Verbs conjugate into three moods, two voices, and six tenses Word order Separable prefixes German Dialects High GermanSpoken by a majority of Germans Low GermanEvolved in the Lowlands. Different enough in form to be regarded bilingual. Four main varieties: Hochdeutch (High German), Mitteldeutch (Middle German), Niederdeutch (Low German) and Plattdeutch (Flat German) French First language of 77 million speakers 3rd most spoken language in the EU after German and English Sixteen possible vowel sounds Five distinct accents: aigu, grave, le trema, la circonflex, and la cedille French Evolution Began evolving in 57 B.C. Romans invade area known as Gaul, populated by Celts at the time. Later, Germanic Franks invaded Northern France. Surviving Latin combined with Frankish and Celtic languages French vs. Indo-European Only two genders for nouns No surviving case system Verbs are conjugated with 7 moods, 5 tenses, and 3 voices. Moderate inflection Semi-rigid word order What’s the Big Difference? Case System Three noun genders Flexible word order No accent markings German No case system Two noun genders Rigid word order Five accents French Similarities French and German have several similarities. Phonologically similar Morphological similarities- mostly shared vocabulary Verb tenses and moods Sentence structure Works cited http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~hr/lang/dthist.html http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages /German/ http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro .html http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Lang uage/DF_language.shtml http://f99.middlebury.edu/RU232A/STUDE NTS/matranga/history.htm http://www.frenchlanguageguide.com/frenc h/facts/history/