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English Grammar
Verbs
classification
forms
features
practice 1 2
实义v. ---notional verb
(连)系v. ---link verb
助v.
--- auxiliary verb
情态v. ---modal verb
及物v.
--- transitive
verb (vt.)
不及物v.--- intransitive
verb (vi.)
谓语v. --predicate verb
非谓语v.--non-predicate verb
规则v. --regular verb
不规则v. --irregular verb
终止性v. --terminative verb
持续性v. --durative verb
短语v. --phrasal verb
auxiliary verb
verb used with notional verbs
to show tense, voice, or
emphatic mood, and to form a
question or negative statement;
＊ meaningless itself;
＊ can’t be used as V. alone
Usage of aux. v.
1. to form negative V.
I don’t like your hat.
2. to form a question
Do you like my hat?
Usage of aux. v.
3. to form inversion
Never did I expect to see him.
4. to replace mentioned verb
to avoid repetition
Do you like English? Yes, I do.
modal verb
verb used with notional
verbs to indicate speaker’s
feelings and attitudes, i.e.
to express possibility,
permission, obligation, etc.
modal verb
＊incomplete meaning;
＊can’t be used as V. alone;
＊must be followed by infinitive
form of verb;
＊no person and number changes;
＊some have past tense
can
could
may
might
must
shall should
will
would
need
dare
ought to
Usage of modal v.
1. to indicate speaker’s tone and
attitude
2. for subjunctive mood
虚拟语气
3. for speculation 推测
might, may, could, can, must
情v.+v.原→
对现在状态或经常动作推测
情v.+be doing →
对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测
情v.+have done/have been doing →
对过去发生的事情进行推测
must的否定推测→can’t / couldn’t
 She must be studying in the
classroom now.
 She must have been working
then.
 She may/might have been
buying stamps in the post
office when you saw her.
You must be very tired, aren’t you?
You must have seen the film,
haven’t you?
You must have seen the film last
week, didn’t you?
You must have known him before
you wrote to him, hadn't you?
It must have snowed last night,
________?
didn’t it
The old man must be our
headmaster, ________?
isn’t he
Mary must have finished reading
the novel now, ________?
hasn’t she
☆各种虚拟句
☆表示轻微责备or遗憾
情态v. (not) + have done
“本应…（而实际却没…）”
“本不该/必…（而实际却…）”
was/were to + have (been)
done
“过去计划中要做某事，实际上没
做”
区别:
“shouldn’t + have done”
表示过去本不该做的事情
实际上却做了
“needn’t + have done”
表示过去本不必做的事情
实际上却做了
They shouldn’t have left
so early.
You needn’t have
bought it.
You needn’t have come
here yesterday.
principal forms of verbs
third-person singular form
past form
past participle (p.p.)
present participle
features
＊ tense
＊ voice
＊ mood
tense of verbs
grammatical meaning
classification
sequence of tenses
现在
-present
time
过去 -- past
将来 -- future
过去将来 -- past future
manner 一般: indefinite
进行: continuous
完成: perfect
完成进行: perfect continuous
一般现在时
一般过去时
the present indefinite
the past indefinite
一般将来时
the future indefinite
过去将来时
the past future indefinite
现在进行时
the present continuous
过去进行时
the past continuous
将来进行时
the future continuous
过去将来进行时
the past future continuous
现在完成时
the present perfect
过去完成时
the past perfect
将来完成时
the future perfect
过去将来完成时
the past future perfect
现在完成进行时
the present perfect continuous
过去完成进行时
the past perfect continuous
将来完成进行时
the future perfect continuous
过去将来完成进行时
the past future perfect continuous
＊She
says she is a college student
～ she was a college student.
～ she will be a college student.
＊ Has
he told you when he will
leave for Beijing?/left for～ ?
＊ Will you tell me when you
finished the work?
＊ She
told me she was a teacher.
He said he was studying French.
She explained to me that she
had made the mistake chiefly
out of carelessness.
Betty said that she had been
waiting for my call.
He said that he would come
back the next day.
She said that she would be
setting off on the 10 o’clock
train.
He told them that he would
have finished by six o’clock.
＊
He told me that he was born in
1959.
My mother told me that my
grandfather went to Germany in
1917.
＊ Our teacher said that the earth
is round and it goes round the
sun.
＊
I’ll be a singer when I
grow up .
If it is fine tomorrow,
we’ll have a basketball
match with Class Two.
＊
voice of verbs
grammatical meaning
＊ classification
＊ transformation
＊ application
＊ special structures
＊
1 unknown or unnecessary S.
His car has been stolen.
I was born in 1980.
2 emphasize action taker
She is liked by everybody.
English is spoken here by us.
grammatical meaning
a form of verbs
indicating the
relationship between
the Subject and the
Predicate
classification
active voice
＊ passive voice:
＊
be + p.p. (vt.)
simple sentence
5 basic sentence patterns
S. + vi. + …
S. + V. + P.
＊ S. + vt. + O. + …
＊ S. + vt. + Oi. + Od. + …
＊ S. + vt. + O. + O.C. + …
transformation
S. + vt. + O. + …
→O. + be + v-ed + by + S.
S. + vt. +Oi. +Od. +…
S. +vt. + O. +O.C. +…
We gave her some
books.
→She was given some
books (by us).
→Some books were
given to her (by us).
＊
We will make our country
richer and stronger.
→Our country will be made
richer and stronger by us.
＊ We elected him our monitor.
→He was elected our monitor by
us.
＊
The boy asked the
teacher to explain the
sentence.
＊
→The
teacher was
asked to explain the
sentence by the boy.
We heard them talk about that
film.
→They were heard to talk about
that film.
＊ We heard them talking about ...
→They were heard talking about
that film.
＊
 It is said that… 据说
 It is believed that…大家
（人们）相信
 It is reported that…据报道
 It is announced that…据宣
布
 It is alleged that…据称
 It is asserted that…有人承
 It is assumed that…假设
（定）
 It is calculated that…据计
算
 It is claimed that…有人声称
（主张）
 It is considered that…认为
 It is declared that…据宣布、
 It is demonstrated that…证
明
 It is estimated that…估计
 It is expected that…看来
 It is found that…发现
 It is generally agreed
that…人们通常认为
 It is generally considered
that…大家认为
 It is hoped that…希望
 It is generally recognized
that…一般（普遍）认为
 It is hypothesized that…假
设（定）
 It is learned that…据说（闻）
 It is mentioned that…据说
 It is noticed that…有人指出
 It is predicted that…预计
 It is preferred that…最好
 It is proposed that…有人提
议
 It is recommended that…建
议
It is rumored that…谣传
 It is suggested that…有人
建议
 It is supposed that…据推
测说
 It is thought that…有人认
为
 It is understood that… 不
用说，……是很明白的

It is universally accepted
that…普遍认为
 It is weighed that…考虑到，
权衡到
 It is well known that …众所
周知，大家都知道
 It has been arranged that…
准备/已经商定

 It has been decided that…
已经决定
 It has been illustrated
that…据图示/据说明
 It has been objected
that …有人反驳说
 It has been proved that…
已经证明
 It has been showed that…
有人指出
 It will be said that…有人会
说
 It will be seen from this
that…由此可知
 It cannot be denied that…
无可否认
 It can be seen that…可见
It may be said without
fear of exaggeration
that…
 可以毫不夸张地说
 It may be safely said
that…可以有把握地说
 It must be admitted that…
必须承认

 It must be pointed out
that…必须指出
 It must be stressed that…
必须强调
1 S. + have/get + O. + p.p.
I have my hair cut every
month.
We had the machine
repaired.
He got his leg broken in
an accident.
S. + have/get + O. + p.p.
①有意识的被动行为，执行者不
一定就是句子的主语。
②无意识的被动行为，动作的执
行者不是句子的主语，相反受到
这种动作的影响。
2 S. + V. + P.
The flowers smell sweet.
The food tastes good.
S.一般指物，系v.常为
smell, taste, sound,
prove, feel, look …
3 S. + vi. +（adj./adv.）
vi.：wear, blow, move,
lock, shut, open, read,
write, draw, wash, clean,
burn, cook, make, work,
photograph, eat, drink…
 The door blew open.
 The material has worn thin.
 His books sell well.
 The door won’t shut/lock.
 This kind of rice cooks
quickly.
 She doesn’t photograph
well.
4 sth. be worth doing
sth. need/want/require
doing
sth. be worthy to be done
sth. be worthy of doing
sth. need/want to be done
Your hands need
washing. /to be
washed.
The pair of shoes
wants mending. /to be
mended.
The machine requires
The book is worth
reading.
The book is worthy to
be read.
The book is worthy of
reading.
“be + p.p.”结构若表示动作，
则是被动语态；若表示特点和
状态，则是系表结构，而不是
被动语态。
The composition is well
written.
The composition was
written with great care.
英语中有些v.尽管是vt.，但从不用
于被动语态，如contain, cost,
fit, lack, resemble, suit, 以及表
示“让、使“意思的 let, have,
get等，这些动词都没有被动语态。
You won’t be let to go away
now. X
We won’t let you go away now.
Exercise 1
modal verbs
1 “Must we do it now ?”
“ No , you______.”
A won’t B needn’t
C can’t
D don’t
2 He said he would rather not
___it right now.
A doing B to do
C do
D to be doing
3 You ____to the meeting this
afternoon if you have
something important to do.
A needn’t to come
B don’t need come
C don’t need coming
D needn’t come
4 “May I pick a flower in the
garden?” “____.”
A No, you needn’t
B Not, please
C No, you mustn’t
D No, you won’t
5 You’d better ____late again.
A don’t
B not be
C not being D won’t be
6 “Can I leave this door open
at night?” “You ____better
not.”
A should B would
C could
D had
7 Put on more clothes. You ____be
feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A can B could C would D must
8 I thought you____ like
something to read, so I have
brought you some books.
A may B might C could D must
9 There was plenty of time.
She ____.
A mustn’t have hurried
B couldn’t have hurried
C mustn’t not hurry
D needn’t have hurried
10 The plant is dead. I
____it more water.
A will gave
B would have given
C must give
D should have given
11 It’s freezing outside. You
____put on your overcoat.
 A had better to
 B had better
 C would better
 D would better to
12 You ____ return the
book now. You can keep it
till next week if you like.
A can’t
B mustn’t
C needn’t
D may not
13 Where is my pen?
I ____ it.
A might lose
B would have lost
C should have lost
D must have lost
14 I didn’t hear the phone.
I ____ asleep.
 A must be
 B must have been
 C should be
 D should have been
15 He ____ you more help,
even though he was very
busy.
A might have given
B might given
C may have given
D may give
16 A computer ____ think
for itself; it must be told
what to do.
A can’t
B couldn’t
C may not D might not
17--Could I borrow your
dictionary?
-- Yes, of course you ____.
A might B will
C can
D should
18 Which ___ you ___ do,
go to the cinema or stay
at home?
A do rather
B would rather
C will rather
D should rather
19 Tom ought not to __ me your
secret, but he meant no harm.
A have told B tell
C be telling D having told
20 Peter ___ come with us tonight,
but he isn’t very sure yet.
A must B may
C can
D will
21 “Shall I tell John about
it?”
“No, you ___. I’ve told
him already.”
A needn’t B wouldn’t
C mustn’t D shouldn’t
22 I told Sally how to get there,
but perhaps I ___ for her.
 A had to write it out
 B must have written it out
 C should have written it out
 D ought to write it out
23 --There were already five
people in the car but they
manage to take me as well.
--It ___ a comfortable journey.
A can’t be
B shouldn’t be
C must have been
D couldn’t have been
24 Johnny, you ___ play with
the knife; you ___ hurt
yourself.
A won’t; can’t
B mustn’t; may
C shouldn’t; must
D can’t; shouldn’t
答案：
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-24
BCDCB
DDBDD
BCDBA
ACBAB
ACDB
Exercise 2
tense & voice of
verbs
1. The first two factors must
be equal for all who are
being compared, if any
comparison in terms of
intelligence ____ (make).
will be made / is to be made
2. I hope her health
will have improved
________________
(improve) greatly by the
time we come back next
year.
3. While you were in
London that year, the
London Bridge
was being repaired
_________________
(repair).
4. I was shocked to
hear that your house
__________________
had been broken
(break) into.
5. He said that he would
be able to see me when
he _________________
had written
(write) that letter.
6. Two of the glasses
were broken when they
were being washed
___________________
(wash).
7. I bought a new house,
have not sold
but I _________________
(not sell) my old one yet,
so at the moment I have
two houses.
8. John isn’t a diligent
student, for it is the third
has been
time he ______________
(be) late, isn’t it?
9. John always works in his
lab and makes a lot of
experiments. He
has been making (make)
________________
experiments all afternoon
and ______________
has not finished (not
finish) yet.
10. For the last two years,
has been writing
he _________________
(write) a history of The
American Civil War. He will
have completed it by the
end of July.
had
11. She ________
only
____________
(study) her
studied
lesson for ten minutes
when her little sister
interrupted her.
12. Officials warned
consumers not to eat the
apples that
had
been contaminated
____________________
(contaminate) by
insecticides.
had
13. No sooner ________
the
words _______________
been spoken
(speak) than he realized
that he
should have remained
______________________
(remain) silent.
has been
14. It ____________
(be)
very cold lately, but it’s
beginning to get a bit
warmer.
15. What a busy scene
there! When we arrived
at the airport, the goods
were
just being unloaded
____________________
(just unload).
16. I hope that
everything I have told
you ______ (not forget)
by the next lesson.
will not have been forgotten
17. I assure you that the
matter ______________
will be attended
(attend) to as quickly as
possible. Have a little
patience.
18. I was tired out
because all day long I
had been working
___________________
(work) very hard at the
construction site.
19. When they go to the
factory to have practice
has not been told to
____________________
(not tell) them so far.
20. This time tomorrow
will be sitting
you ________________
(sit) here doing some
more exercises.