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Unit 2 Myths and Legends
Part I
Teaching aims
In this unit students are required to :
• 1) get to know some useful information
concerning the topic of the reading passages in
this unit and to know more about English culture;
• 2) do some preparation activities such as
discussion, group work, etc. to practice their
spoken skill and communicative skills;
• 3) grasp some new words and try to use these
words which help them to enrich their
vocabulary;
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• 4)read the in-class reading passage in a limited time and
grasp some expressions and grammatical points in the
in-class reading passage to improve their reading
comprehension;
• 5) do some post-reading exercises and some after-class
reading to practice what they have got to know in class
to improve their English comprehensive skills.;
• 6) translate some typical sentences into Chinese or
English by using some expressions learned in the
reading passages to acquire some translating skills and
better their translating abilities.
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myths and legends
• Although the line between myth and legend is
often blurred(模糊).
• myths tend to focus on superhuman animals and
gods,
• whereas legends glorify a hero or a great event
and usually contain an element of truth.
• Like myths, legends became popular stories
handed down from generation to generation.
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Translation
• Work in groups and try to translate the
passage “An Argument About the Sun”
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Chinese version 1
• 孔子到东方游学，在途中看见两个小孩在争辩，就上前问
缘故。
一个小孩说：“我认为太阳刚升出来的时候距离人近，而
正午时远。”另一个小孩认为，太阳刚出来时距离人远，
而正午时距离人近。
前一个小孩说：“太阳刚出来时大的就像车上的篷盖，而
正午时，却只有一个盘盂那么大。这不是近的时候大而远
的时候小吗？”
后一个小孩说：“太阳刚出来时天气阴冷，而正午时却像
把手伸进热水里。这不是近的时候热而远的时候凉
吗？”
孔子也不能做出判断。
两个小孩笑着说：“谁说你知道得多？”
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Chinese version 2
孔子东游，见两小儿辩斗，问其故。
一儿曰，我以日始初时去人近，而日中时远也。
一儿以日初出远，而日中时近也。
一儿曰：“日初出大如车盖，及日中则如盘盂。
此不为远者小而近者大乎？”
一儿曰：“日初出沧沧凉凉，及其日中如探汤。
此不为近者热而远者凉乎？”
孔子不能决也。
两小儿笑曰：“孰为汝多知乎？”
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Role play
• Work in groups
• A student happens to go back at the scene
• The arguing children now ask him the
same question
• …
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How to play
• There are 6 members in a group.
• Ss 1 will be the director, who will decide
what everything is going on in the play.
• Ss 2 acts as Confucius, Ss 3 as child A,
Ss 4 as child B and Ss 5 the college
student from the future .
• Ss 6 will be the Narrator, whose task is to
introduce the play when it begins and to
explain the situation when necessary.
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We have a bench of judges…
• All the directors will be the judges;
• Judges have to decide which group is the
best and who is the best actor/actress as
well as the best narrator;
• Comments or reasons needed
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Judges: Attention
•
•
•
•
•
•
Good pronunciation and intonation
Good arrangement
Good team work
Good feeling expressions
Effective sound effects
Brief creative introduction
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Now I will ask all the Best
Individuals to show the play for
one more time
Pictures Matching
Greek Mythology
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Immortals in Greek Mythology
• Zeus
• Zeus was the god of the sky and ruler of the Olympian
gods. Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus. He then drew
lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades. Zeus won
the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods. He
is lord of the sky, the rain god. His weapon is a
thunderbolt which he hurls at those who displease him.
He is married to Hera but, is famous for his many affairs.
He is also known to punish those that lie or break oaths.
He was the rain god, and the cloud gatherer, who
wielded the terrible thunderbolt. His breastplate was the
aegis, his bird the eagle, his tree the oak. He is
represented as the god of justice and mercy, the
protector of the weak, and the punisher of the wicked.
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Apollo
• Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto. His twin sister is
Artemis. He is the god of music, playing a golden
lyre. The Archer, far shooting with a silver bow. The
god of healing who taught man medicine. The god of
light. The god of truth, who can not speak a lie.
• One of Apollo's more important daily tasks is to
harness his chariot with four horses an drive the Sun
across the sky.
• He is famous for his oracle at Delphi. People traveled
to it from all over the Greek world to divine the future.
• His tree was the laurel. The crow his bird. The
dolphin his animal.
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Aphrodite
• Aphrodite is the goddess of love, desire and beauty. In
addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that
compels anyone she wishes to desire her. There are two
accounts of her birth.
• One says she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione.
• The other goes back to when Cronus castrated Uranus
and tossed his severed gentiles into the sea. Aphrodite
then arose from the sea foam on a giant scallop and
walked to shore in Cyprus.
• She is the wife of Hephaestus. The myrtle is her tree.
The dove, the swan, and the sparrow her birds. Her
favorite lover is the god of war, Ares. She represented
sex, affection, and the attraction that binds people
together.
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Hera
• Hera is Zeus wife and sister. She was raised by the Titans
Ocean and Tethys. She is the supreme goddess, goddess of
marriage and childbirth and takes special care of married
women.
• Hera's marriage was founded in strife with Zeus and
continued in strife. Zeus courted her unsuccessfully. He then
turned to trickery, changing himself into disheveled cuckoo.
Hera feeling sorry for the bird held it to her breast to warm it.
Zues then resumed his normal form and taking advantage of
the surprise he gained, raped her. She then married him to
cover her shame.
• Most stories concerning Hera have to do with her jealous
revenge for Zeus's infidelities. Her sacred animals are the
cow and the peacock. Her favorite city is Argos.
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Hephaestus
• Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera. Sometimes it is
said that Hera alone produced him and that he has no
father. He is the only god to be physically ugly. He is
also lame. Accounts as to how he became lame vary.
Some say that Hera, upset by having an ugly child, flung
him from Mount Olympus into the sea, breaking his legs.
Others that he took Hera's side in an argument with Zeus
and Zeus flung him off Mount Olympus. He is the god of
fire and the forge. He is the smith and armorer of the
gods. He uses a volcano as his forge. He is the patron
god of both smiths and weavers. He is kind and peace
loving. His wife is Aphrodite. Sometimes his wife is
identified as Aglaia.
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Demeter
• Demeter is the goddess of corn, grain, and the harvest.
She is the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. It is Demeter
that makes the crops grow each year. The first loaf of
bread from the harvest is sacrificed to her. Demeter is the
goddess of the earth, of agriculture, and of fertility in
general. Sacred to her are livestock and agricultural
products, poppy, narcissus and the crane.
• Demeter is intimately associated with the seasons.
Demeter is also known for founding the Eleusinian
Mysteries. These were huge festivals held every five years.
They were important events for many centuries. Yet, little
is known of them as those attending were sworn to
secrecy. The central tenant seems to have been that just
as grain returns every spring after its harvest and wintery
death, so too the human soul could be reborn after the
death of the body.
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Hermes
• He was the cleverest of the Olympian gods, and
messenger to all the other gods.
• Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia. He is Zeus
messenger. He is the fastest of the gods. He
wears winged sandals, a winged hat, and carries
a magic wand. He is the god of thieves and god
of commerce. He is the guide for the dead to go
to the underworld. He invented the lyre, the
pipes, the musical scale, astronomy , weights
and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care
of olive trees.
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Athena
• Athena is the Greek virgin goddess of reason, intelligent
activity, arts and literature. Athena is the daughter of
Zeus. She sprang full grown in armour from his forehead,
thus has no mother. She is fierce and brave in battle but,
only wars to defined the state and home from outside
enemies. She is the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and
agriculture. She invented the bridle, which permitted man
to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake,
the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She is the
embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity. She was
Zeus's favorite child and was allowed to use his
weapons including his thunderbolt. Her favorite city is
Athens. Her tree is the olive. The owl is her bird. She is a
virgin goddess.
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Poseidon
• God of the sea, protector of all waters. Poseidon is the brother of
Zeus. After the overthow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with
Zeus and Hades, another brother, for shares of the world. His prize
was to become lord of the sea. He was widely worshiped by seamen.
He married Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the Titan Oceanus.
• At one point he desired Demeter. To put him off Demeter asked him
to make the most beautiful animal that the world had ever seen. So
to impress her Poseidon created the first horse. In some accounts
his first attempts were unsucessful and created a varity of other
animals in his quest. By the time the horse was created his passion
for Demeter had cooled.
• His weapon is a trident, which can shake the earth, and shatter any
object. He is second only to Zeus in power amongst the gods. He
has a difficult quarrelsome personality. He was greedy. He had a
series of disputes with other gods when he tried to take over their
cities.
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Dionysus
•
•
•
He was the god of fertility and wine, later considered a patron of the arts. He invented
wine and spread the art of tending grapes. He has a dual nature. On the one hand
bringing joy and devine ecstasy. On the other brutal, unthinking, rage. Thus,
reflecting both sides of wines nature. If he chooses Dionysus can drive a man mad.
No normal fetters can hold him or his followers.
Dionysus is the son of Zeus and Semele. He is the only god to have a mortal parent.
Zeus came to Semele in the night, invisible, felt only as a divine presence. Semele
was pleased to be a lover of a god, even though she did not know which one.
Dionysus became one of the most important gods in everyday life. He became
associated with several key concepts. One was rebirth after death. The other is the
idea that under the influence of wine, one could feel possessed by a greater power.
Unlike the other gods Dionysus was not only outside his believers but, also within
them. At these times a man might be greater then himself and do works he otherwise
could not.
The festival for Dionysus is in the spring when the leaves begin to reaper on the vine.
It became one of the most important events of the year. It's focus became the theater.
Most of the great Greek plays were initially written to be performed at the feast of
Dionysus. All who took part writers, actors, spectators were regarded as scared
servants of Dionysus during the festival.
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Aris
• Ares is the son of Zeus
and Hera. He was
disliked by both parents.
He is the god of war. He
is considered murderous
and bloodstained but,
also a coward. When
caught in an act of
adultery with Aphrodite
her husband Hephaestus
is able publicly to ridicule
him. His bird is the vulture.
His animal is the dog.
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Discover the Myth Maker in You
• Write your own original Greek myth using your
modern hero as the main character. It will be your
challenge to focus on the qualities of your modern hero
that make him or her a good person while they embark
on the adventure of a lifetime.
• Your myth will send them on a fantastical adventure
where they will face angry gods, wicked monsters, and
unbelievable odds? The only question is, "will your hero
meet the challenge and overcome the great odds
stacked against them?“
• Use the Online Resources that are available to find
more about your modern hero. Focus your investigation
on the qualities that make your hero such a good person.
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• Use a Venn Diagram to compare the qualities
that make your hero a good person and those
qualities that the Ancient Greeks felt made their
heroes such good people. Are there
similarities? Are there differences?
• Write a Greek myth with your modern hero as
the main character. Your myth should
exaggerate the qualities that make your hero a
good person. Your hero should face the Greek
gods. Make sure that your myth includes all the
parts of a myth.
• Choose the best story in your group to act out.
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A suggested example
• Situation: Zeus is tired of his present job
as the king of the gods. So all the gods
and goddess on the Olympus are applying
for Zeus’ position, including the hero you
have created.
• They decide to have a debate to find the
best candidate…
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Unit 2 Myths and Legends
Part II
revision
• What is a fable?
• a short tale to teach a moral lesson, often with
animals or inanimate objects as characters;
• e.g. the fable of the tortoise and the hare;
•
•
•
•
allegory n.寓言
apologue n.寓言, 道德故事
myth n.神话,
legend n.传说
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their common purpose?
• characters are presented as symbols (符号, 记号,
象征)
• usually told to present a moral lesson,
• thus passing down a value, a tradition, a system
of belief.
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can you find
• 1. a fable that illustrates the moral that we
should not pity the wicked (坏的, 邪恶的)
because their evilness dies hard?
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• In a wintery day, a farmer came
across (遇到) a frozen snake on
his way. Feeling sorry for the
snake, he unfastened (解开) his
clothes and let the snake in his
bosom(胸部).
• Warmed by his body, the snake
quickly revived (苏醒). Once it
came to, it gave the farmer a
mortal(致命的) wound. The dying
farmer regretted: “Snakes are our
enemies and I shouldn't have
shown pity to it.”
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The Farmer and the Snake
• One winter a farmer found a
snake ____ and frozen with cold.
He had _____ on it, and taking it
up, placed it in his ____. The
snake was quickly _____ by the
warmth, and resuming its natural
instincts, bit its benefactor (恩人),
inflicting on him a _____ wound.
"Oh," cried the farmer with his last
breath, "I am rightly ____ for
pitying a scoundrel (无赖, 恶棍)"
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•
•
•
•
•
stiff
compassion
bosom
mortal
served
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The moral of the fable
• The greatest kindness will not bind (约束) the
ungrateful (忘恩负义的).
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The Bear and the Two Travelers
• TWO MEN were traveling together, when • path
a Bear suddenly met them on their _____. • concealed
One of them climbed up quickly into a
• breath
tree and _____ himself in the
branches(树枝). The other, seeing that
he must be attacked, fell flat on the
ground, and when the Bear came up and
felt him with his snout (突出的嘴), and
smelt him all over, he held his _____, and
feigned (伪装) the appearance of death
as much as he could.
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• The Bear soon left him, for it is said he will •
not touch a dead body. When he was
quite gone, the other Traveler ____ from •
the tree, and jocularly(开玩笑地) inquired •
of(询问) his friend what it was the Bear
had ____ in his ear. "He gave me this
advice," his companion replied. "Never
travel with a friend who ____ you at the
approach of danger."
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descended
爬下
whispered
deserts
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The moral of the fable
• Misfortune(不幸、灾难) tests the sincerity of
friends.
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The Shepherd's Boy
• There was once a young Shepherd Boy
who ____ his sheep at the foot of a
mountain near a dark forest. It was
rather lonely for him all day, so he
thought upon a plan by which he could
get a little _____ and some excitement.
He rushed down towards the village
calling out "Wolf, Wolf," and the
villagers came out to meet him, and
some of them stopped with him for a
____ time. This pleased the boy so
much that a few days afterwards he
tried the same _____, and again the
villagers came to his help.
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• tended 看管
• company 陪
伴
• considerable
• trick 把戏
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• But shortly after this a Wolf actually did
• worry
come out from the forest, and began to — • deceiving
____ the sheep, and the boy of course
• flock(羊群),
cried out “Wolf, Wolf,” still louder than
before. But this time the villagers, who
had been fooled twice before, thought the
boy was again ____ them, and nobody
stirred(走动) to come to his help. So the
Wolf made a good meal off the boy‘s
____ and when the boy complained, the
wise man of the village said:
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The moral of the fable
• "A liar will not be believed, even when he speaks
the truth."
• Once a liar, always a liar.
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Activity Create your own fable.
• 1. In groups of 8, please create your fable
(story with a moral lesson), using animal
characters. You can use spoken language,
hand gestures, props (小道具) or even
desks and chairs as the setting, just make
sure the audience understands.
• Each group will need to perform the fable
before the whole class.(10-15 mins of
preparation)
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• 2. Before the performance, one member of each
group will come to the computer and type their
desired moral for the fable without letting the
others see it (teacher should switch the projector
signal to video and NOT computer).
• 3. The class will need to guess the moral of the
fable at the end of each performance. Rating of
the performance depends on the match between
the two.
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Part III passage
words and phrases
broken
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
He said in broken English.
蹩脚的
He said in a broken voice.
断断续续
He said he had broken up with her.
分手
He said he had almost broken down.
崩溃
电话信号不好，断断续续怎么说？
Sorry but you (your voice) are/is breaking up.
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•
•
•
•
•
He said his house has been broken in.
入屋盗窃
He said the a flu had broken out.
爆发
He said he will not tolerate the country to be
broken apart.
• 分裂
• He said broken clothes need mending.
• 破烂的
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mat
•
•
•
•
mattress的简写
doormat
n.(放于门前的)擦鞋垫
coaster
• 杯垫：放在瓶子、水罐或酒杯下的圆盘、盘子或
小衬垫，用以保护桌面或下面的其它平面
• duvet
• n.<法> 用羽毛, 绒毛等制成的棉被
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feast
•
•
•
•
feast
n.节日, 盛宴, 筵席, 宴会, 酒席
vt.盛宴, 款待, 享乐, 请客
vi.参加宴会, 享受
• festival
• n.节日, 喜庆日, 音乐节, 戏剧节, 喜庆, 欢宴, 欢乐
• feasible
• adj.可行的, 切实可行的
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dye
• shade n. 颜色深浅, 遮光物,
• hue n.色调
• color n.<美>(=colour)颜色, 色彩
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cunning
• 同义词sly adj.狡猾的
• treacherous adj. 奸诈的, 叛逆的
• coy a.腼腆的, 怕羞的, 卖弄风情的
• naughty a. 淘气的
• double-crosser 脚踏两船，两面派
• ploy n.伎俩
• trick n.小把戏，捉弄
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famine
•
•
•
•
•
famine 饥荒/ feminine 女性化的
famine food =
roast locust 蝗虫
steamed worm 蠕虫 with eggs
roast bugs 香烤水甴曱
• feminine man = sissy
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rattle
• rattle v.
• 发出卡嗒卡嗒声, 喋喋不休, 使…
受到惊吓
• = shock
• rattle snake
• 响尾蛇
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ungrateful
• grateful adj.感激的, 感谢的
• gratitude n.感谢的心情
• gratify vt.使满足
• gratuitous adj.免费的
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mischief
• do sb. a mischief = play a prank on sb.
• mis --- badly, wrongly
• mistake 错误，误拿
• misuse v.误用, 错用
• misunderstand vt.误解, 误会
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feather
•
•
•
•
•
请区分further/ farther
fur n.毛皮, 毛, 软毛
peel n. 果皮, 蔬菜水果的外皮
skin n.皮, 皮肤,, 外皮, 外壳
leather n.皮革
• Birds of a feather flock together.
• 物以类聚
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flew
• flew是那个动词的过去式？
• 答案---fly
• fled是那个动词的过去式？
• 答案---flee
• flea n.跳蚤,
• fleet n.舰队, adj.快速的, 敏捷的
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honor the tradition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
honor = observe the tradition
I feel honored.
我深感荣幸。
the honorable professor
尊敬的教授
time-honored
历史悠久的
同义词
prestigious 声望很高的/ renowned adj.有名的, 有
声誉的/ celebrated adj.著名的
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party
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
party = a group of people
crowd n. 人群
team n. 团队
troupe n.剧团
assembly n. 集合，大会
gathering n. 聚会
congress n. 议会
congregate v.聚集
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plumage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
plumage
n.鸟类羽毛, 翅膀
plump
adj.圆胖的, 丰满的, 鼓起的
pump
n.泵, 抽水机
plum
n.李子
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approval
• prove vt.证明, 证实, 检验, 考验
• reprove v.责备
• approval n.赞成, 承认, 正式批准
• disapproval n.不赞成
• disprove v.反驳, 驳斥, 证明...为误
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set
• set = put
• 放置
• on your marks…set…go!
• 各就各位…预备…跑！
• set menu
• 套餐
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jump to his feet
•
•
•
•
•
•
jump to one’s feet 跳起来
fall head over feet 完全拜倒
get cold feet 怯场
to think with your feet 很快地去想
to be six feet under 死了
knock someone off their feet 使某人极度
惊讶
• put your feet up 休闲，放松
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grumble
• grumble vi.抱怨, 发牢骚, 咕哝, 嘟囔
• stumble v.绊倒, 蹒跚, 结结巴巴地说
• tumble vi.翻倒, 摔倒, 倒塌, 滚动, 翻筋斗
• rumble v.隆隆声, 辘辘行驶, 低沉地说
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fill out
• fill in / fill out a form 填表
• fill (sth.) up 装满
• refill 重新装满
• fill the gap 填充差距
• fill the void 填补空虚
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peck
• peck vt.啄食, 扔
• a peck on the cheek 在脸颊上的轻
吻
• peek n.一瞥, 匆忙看过 v.偷看
• peep n.窥看, vi.窥视, 偷看
• beak n.鸟嘴, 喙
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dutifully
• duty n.义务, 责任, 职责, 职务, 税
• obligation n.义务, 职责, 债务
• demure adj.端庄的， 态度或行为上谦恭并且沉默
寡言的
• tame adj (指人)顺从的
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let himself go
• let go 放手不管
• free fall 自由落体
• abandon n.放任
• indulge v.纵容
• excessive a.过度的
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Activity Writing exercise
• You are the tortoise filled with guilt and
regret. Now you are going to write a letter
to the birds to express your regret over
what happened.
• No less than 150 words.
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Please include
• 1. what you have done wrong
• 2. how you feel about your mistake
• 3. what changes you are going to make
and what you are going to do to make up
for the loss.
• 4. again, ask for forgiveness.
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tips
• ACTIONS. Rather than focusing on the damage you
have caused, write about things you will do to rectify the
situation.
• BRIEF. Keep your apology letter short and to the point.
• SINCERITY. No one wants to read overly dramatic
language. Choose your words carefully and express
yourself clearly and simply.
• TONE. Your apology letter should be considerate and
respectful. Remember, you are trying to rebuild a
damaged relationship.
• BLAME. Take full responsibility for what you have done.
• FOLLOW UP. Try to set up a time when you can
apologize in person, then back up your apology with
considerate behavior in the future.
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