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APHIS Veterinary Services: Our Role in Addressing One Health Issues August 24, 2016 Fredric Cantor, DVM, MPH Emergency Coordinator, APHIS, VS, SPRS, District 1 [email protected] 1 Overview • What is “One Health” (OH) and why it is important • Overview of Veterinary Service (VS) • The role of OH in Veterinary Services • OH in action – examples from the field 2 The AVMA defines One Health as… “…the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment…” 3 Wired.com www1.ccny.cuny.edu Why One Health? 4 One Health 5 APHIS Veterinary Services 1,900 employees; more than 500 veterinarians 6 Veterinary Services • • • • • Traditional Roles Manage animal disease programs Facilitate import and export Protect livestock from foreign animal diseases Oversee veterinary labs and biologics Explore and analyze animal health data Broadened One Health Roles • Safeguards the health of animals, people and the environment by addressing the animal component of One Health issues • Help to address emerging zoonotic diseases • Engage in emergency response to natural disasters to assist with animal rescue 7 One Health Activities in VS 8 VS One Health Coordination Center (OHCC) • Provides One Health Subject Matter Expertise • Builds Alliances, Coordinates between Partners, and Networks • Conducts Outreach • Provides Educational Materials About One Health • Develops and Delivers One Health Training 9 Advocating for the Role of Animal Health in One Health Issues • White House Interagency Policy Committees (IPCs) – Emerging Pandemic Threats sub-IPC – Biosurveillance sub-IPC – Global Health Initiative IPC • Interagency Working Groups – International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases Scientific Program Committee – CDC Zoonoses Working Group – North American Plan for Animal and Pandemic Influenza • Interdepartmental Groups – USDA OH Joint Working Group – USDA OH Multiagency Coordination (MAC) Group – Federal Interagency One Health Working Group 10 Examples of One Health in Action • Zoonotic Diseases – – – – Influenza Q-fever Salmonellosis Zika virus and Ebola • Food Safety – Foodborne Diseases – Antimicrobial Residue Avoidance • Environmental Issues – King Gold Mine spill into Animas River – Natural disasters such as tornadoes and fires • Feral Swine – Carry zoonotic diseases, such as Brucella suis, and also are quite destructive to the environment 11 Zoonosis or Zoonotic Disease Any infectious disease that can be transmitted between people and other animals Parasitic: Hookworms Fungal: Ringworm, aka Dermatophytosis Viral: Influenza Bacterial: Salmonella 12 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in the United States in 2015 13 2015 HPAI Outbreak • • • • • 232 premises: 211 commercial and 21 backyard Approximately 50 million birds culled Over $800 million for response and indemnity Economy-wide impact of $3.3 billion as of July 2015 More than 3,600 Federal responders 14 2015 HPAI Statistics • 15 States with findings in poultry • 109 commercial flocks in Minnesota • 71 commercial flocks in Iowa 15 HPAI Outbreak Response Quarantine • Restricting movement of poultry into and out of the control area • Humanely euthanizing the affected flock(s) Eradication Monitor • Testing wild and domestic birds in a broad area around the quarantine area • Killing the virus in the affected flock locations Disinfect • Confirming that the poultry farm is AI virus-free Test 16 HPAI Responder Monitoring for ILI • Procedures developed by animal health and public health officials at the State and Federal level • Monitoring implemented during the 2015 outbreak • After action review in August to refine procedures • Animal health and public health working together to ensure safety of responders 17 Responding to Future HPAI Outbreaks • HPAI plan released Sept 2015 and updated Jan 2016 • Builds on foreign animal disease plans already in place 18 Outbreaks of Influenza A (H3N2) virus among People and Swine Associated with Fairs, 2012 19 Outbreak of H3N2v • Between July 12 and October 11, 2012 – 306 cases in people from 10 states – 16 people hospitalized; 1 death • In pigs, referred to as H3N2pM • Recently, also cases of H1N2v • Human cases associated with exposure to pigs at county and state fairs 20 H3N2 Investigation and Response • Collaboration between Federal, State, and local public health and animal health agencies and organizations • At Federal level, APHIS, CDC and NIFA (4-H) all involved in joint response activities – Monitoring outbreak and state-based investigations – Jointly developed communication materials – Outreach to 4-H leaders, producers, fair organizers and veterinarians 21 Web Resources Public information and outreach materials for fair planners and people who raise and/or exhibit pigs – http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/people-raisepigs-flu.htm – http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-pigs-atfairs.htm – http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-fairsplanning.htm – http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/ – http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal _dis_spec/swine/ 22 Raw Meat Salmonella Reptiles such as Bearded Dragons and Turtles Chickens 23 24 • >50,000,000 chicks sold annually • Business is booming due to increased demand • Backyard flocks • Urban chicken phenomenon • Baby poultry • Sold at feed stores • Sold over the internet 25 Q-fever and Coxiella burnetti 26 What is Q (Query) fever? • • • • • • Affects ruminants and people First recognized in Australia in 1935 Detected in the US in the early 1940’s Global distribution, except NZ Obligate, intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Survives for long time in environment 27 Q-fever in Animals • Ruminant infection relatively common – Decreased reproductive success – Causes sporadic late term abortions in sheep and goats • Infected cattle, sheep, and goats shed large numbers of the organism when they give birth – Critical route of transmission 28 Q Fever in People • Symptoms in people (within 2-3 weeks) – Acute: Flu-like symptoms if any • High fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea – Chronic: (<5% of cases) • Endocarditis, infections of the bone, liver or reproductive organs, post Q fever fatigue syndrome – Often unrecognized • Treated with doxycycline 29 30 Q Fever Outbreak Associated with a Goat Farm ― Montana and Washington, 2011 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6040a5.htm 31 Outbreak Associated with a Goat Farm―MT and WA, 2011 • Initial detection through private practitioners • Collaborations during investigation: – Federal and State – Animal Health and County Health officials 32 Outbreak Associated with a Goat Farm―MT and WA, 2011 Public Health Animal Agriculture • Administered questionnaires • Collected human and environmental samples • Collected hundreds of animal samples • Worked with owners of affected flocks to create management plans 33 Outbreak Associated with a Goat Farm―MT and WA, 2011 • Tests performed by public health labs and VDLs • Efforts to better understand the outbreak and prevent additional human and animal illness are continuing… 34 35 • Jan-Apr 2011 – abortions in 14 (28%) of 50 pregnant goats in the index herd • 21 persons from 2 states positive • 17 goat herds in 3 states positive Summary Domestic and global health challenges such as emerging zoonotic diseases and issues at the animal-human interface highlight the need for a One Health approach. The OH initiative has gained significant traction throughout the U.S. government. Our unique experiences, expertise and core capabilities position VS to take an active leadership role to fill critical One Health gaps. APHIS will build upon past successes in safeguarding American agriculture and be actively engaged in addressing the complex intertwined health relationships between animals, humans, and our shared environment. Establishing and maintaining relationships across sectors is key to successfully addressing complex One Health issues. 36 Questions? Discussion? 37