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Operating
Systems
Mac, PC, Unix,…
In the Beginning was the
Command Line – Neal Stephenson

Jobs & Wozniak – Apple
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Gates & Allen – Microsoft
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Original idea to sell information processing
machines for home use
sell the operating system
At least a computer has a physical presence
Xerox – Where it all really began
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
2
Operating System

What is it?

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A very long string of 1’s and 0’s
What does it do?

Allows users to manipulate other very long strings
of 1’s and 0’s
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
3
What is an Operating
System?

<operating system> (OS) The low-level
software which handles the interface to
peripheral hardware, schedules tasks,
allocates storage, and presents a default
interface to the user when no application
program is running.
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
4
What is an Operating
System?

The OS may be split into a kernel which is
always present and various system programs
which use facilities provided by the kernel to
perform higher-level house-keeping tasks,
often acting as servers in a client-server
relationship.
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
5
What is an Operating
System?

Some would include a graphical user
interface and window system as part of the
OS, others would not. The operating system
loader, BIOS, or other firmware required at
boot time or when installing the operating
system would generally not be considered
part of the operating system, though this
distinction is unclear in the case of a
rommable operating system such as RISC
OS.
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
6
OS Examples…
386BSD, Amoeba, Angel, Artemis microkernel, BeOS,
Brazil, COS, CP/M, CTSS, Chorus, DACNOS, DOS,
DOSEXEC 2, GCOS, GEOS, ITS, Linux, LynxOS,
MPV, MS-DOS, MVS, Mach, MINIX, MS-DOS,
Multics, Multipop-68, Novell NetWare, OS-9, OSX,
OS/2, Pick, Plan 9, QNX, RISC OS, SPARK (Small
Portable Adjustable Real-time Kernel), STING, System V,
TOPS-10, TOPS-20, TYMCOM-X, Unix, VM/CMS,
VAX, VMS, VRTX, VSTa, VxWorks, WAITS,
Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows
ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP,
Windows CeMeNT
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
7
DOS Commands

Command Prompt from Windows

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Start – Run – Command
This is a DOS prompt, DOS is running in the
background, WinXP or Win2000 or … is still
running in the foreground
Time
Date
Ping – ping www.yahoo.com
http://www.easydos.com/dosindex.html
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
8
What is UI?
User interface
 Line commands
 Text menu
 Icon menu
 ‘Click-able’ icons

September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
9
Xerox PARC

Palo Alto Research Center

1st to get into UI (User Interface) and GUI
(Graphical User Interface)
First started in 1970’s
 WIMP (windows, icons, menus and
pointers/pull-down menus) paradigm
 Xerox 8010 'Star' system in 1981 (WIMP)

September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
10
Mac 1984…
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
11
Mac OSX…
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
12
Microsoft DOS (MS-Dos)
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
13
Microsoft Windows 1…
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
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Microsoft Windows 95…
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
15
Linux…
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
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The Mac
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http://www.apple-history.com/index.html
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
17
The PC
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http://www.viewz.com/netscape/buyingguides/os.shtml
http://www.computerhope.com/history/windows.htm
http://ox.compsoc.net/~swhite/history/timeline-OS.html
http://ox.compsoc.net/~swhite/history/timelineQUOTES.html
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
18
UNIX and the like…
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http://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htm
http://www.computerhope.com/history/198090.htm
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
19
Installing Windows OS

‘Clean’ install
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Existing OS is completely
erased
Any files on the HDD are
completely erased
Optimum performance
‘Upgrade’ install

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Boot from OS Install CD
or DOS floppy
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
There is an existing OS
Existing files not erased
Less than optimum
performance
Boot to existing OS,
upgrade from CD
20
In the beginning…
Cryptonomicon
http://www.cryptonomicon.com/beginning.html
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
21
Resources

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http://www.dictionary.com/cgibin/dict.pl?term=operating%20system
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/pro/using/h
owto/gettingstarted/guide/default.asp
September 17, 2003
Riad S. Twal
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