* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Work with Files and Directories
Survey
Document related concepts
Windows Phone 8.1 wikipedia , lookup
MTS system architecture wikipedia , lookup
Mobile operating system wikipedia , lookup
Commodore DOS wikipedia , lookup
Library (computing) wikipedia , lookup
Windows NT startup process wikipedia , lookup
Security-focused operating system wikipedia , lookup
Burroughs MCP wikipedia , lookup
Caldera OpenLinux wikipedia , lookup
Plan 9 from Bell Labs wikipedia , lookup
Spring (operating system) wikipedia , lookup
History of Unix wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
CS 497C – Introduction to UNIX Lecture 2: Work with Files and Directories Chin-Chih Chang [email protected] Working with Files and Directories • Many commands refers to files and directories. • mkdir – creating a directory $ mkdir docs • ls – listing files and directories $ ls docs • pwd – show your current directory Working with Files and Directories $ pwd /home/romeo • cd – change directory $ cd docs $ pwd /home/remeo/docs • echo – write its arguments to standard output $ echo This is the first message > note1 $ echo This is the second message > note2 Working with Files and Directories $ ls note1 note2 • cat – concatenate and display files $ cat note1 This is the first message. • wc: couting lines, words and characters $ wc note1 1 5 26 notel $ wc –l note1 1 note1 Working with Files and Directories • ls –l – checking the file attributes $ ls –l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 romeo staff 26 Aug 22 02:05 note1 -rw-r--r-- 1 romeo staff 27 Aug 22 02:06 note2 • man – find and display reference manual pages $ man ls How It All Clicked • Till UNIX came on scene, operating systems were designed with a particular machine in mind. Programs designed for one system simply wouldn’t run on another. • Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie designed and built a small system having an elegant file system, a command interpreter (the shell) and a set of utilities. • In 1973, they rewrote the entire system in C. How It All Clicked • UC Berkeley created BSD UNIX. • The other brands of UNIX: Xenix, BSDi, BSD/OS, FreeBSD, SunOS, Solaris, HPUX, AIX, Ultrix, Digital UNIX, IRIX, SCO Open Server, SCO UnixWare. • AT&T unify their own System V 3.2, BSD, SunOS and XENIX into System V Release 4 (SVR4). The Internet • DARPA commissioned UCB to implement TCP/IP on BSD UNIX. • TCP/IP is a set of protocols used by the Internet for communication. • The incorporation of TCP/IP into UNIX and its use as the basis of development were two key factors in the rapid growth of the Internet (and UNIX). The Windows Threat • Windows – a graphical user interface (GUI) that uses the mouse rather than arcane and complex command options to execute a job. • Windows first swept the desktop market (with Windows 3.1/95/98/Me) and then made significant inroads into the server market (with Windows NT/2000). • The MIT introduced X Window – the first windowing system for UNIX. Standards and POSIX • In 1992, AT&T’s UNIX business was sold to Novell. Novell then turned over the UNIX to X/OPEN. The Open Group published the single UNIX Specification. • The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is a set of standard operating interfaces based on UNIX. • Most UNIX vendors cooperate with The Open Group and also build products based on the UNIX standard.