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Brent Murphy Matt Griffin Edwin Edwards Chris Wyatt When a hard drive is ready for use, it will go through a process known as formatting. Low-Level Formatting High-Level Formatting Floppy disks Hard disks Disk drive hardware writes onto floppy 1 disk 160 tracks (80 on each side) 18 sectors on each track 512 bytes on each sector Originally used MFM pattern on disk allows sectors of bytes to be written on it RLL encoding is more commonly used. Embedded systems- low-level formatted disks at the factory, not subject to user intervention Over time, hard drive became more complex Manufacturers now handle virtually all lowlevel formatting of hard disks End users should rarely ever perform low-level formatting of an IDE or ATA hard drive. (its often impossible outside of the factory) Identifying each sector that cannot be read or written to and then sparing out those sectors Zero filing-writing a 0 byte to every addressable location on the disk One popular method for performing only the "zero-fill" operation on a hard disk is by writing zero-bytes to the drive using the Unix dd utility (available under Linux as well) with the "/dev/zero" stream as the input file (if=) and the drive itself (either the whole disk, or a specific partition) as the output file (of=) Process of setting up an empty file system on the disk Install boot sector sometimes referred to as “quick format” The entire disk can be scanned for any errors if the user would like Requires several hours on larger disks When a high-level format is performed on a functioning disk to erase the contents of the hard drive Sometimes judged easier to erase and start from scratch than fix a complex malfunction “wipe and reload”, “nuke and pave”, “reimage” When data is “erased” during a high-level format, it is still readable until new data has written over it Some file systems don’t write to the same locations, allowing data to stay on disk until disk space starts having to be recycled 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Back up data Insert Win XP disc and turn off pc Turn on PC and boot from CD Install Windows Install any missing drivers Update Windows A division of a hard drive that can hold volumes Windows can support up to four partitions on one hard drive, each of which are 16-byte entries on the Master Boot Record Beginning and ending location of the partition Number of sectors in the partition Whether or not the partition is bootable A table at the beginning of the hard drive that contains information about each partition on the drive This table is contained in the Master Boot Record The first sector on a hard drive, which contains the partition table and a program the BIOS uses to boot an OS from the drive In a process called high-level formatting or operating system formatting Formatting performed by the Windows Format program, the Windows installation program, or the Disk Management utility The process creates the boot record, file system, and root directory on the volume or logical drive and makes the volume or drive bootable During this process, you specify the size of the partition and what file system it will use There are two types of partitions you can create: Primary Extended Also called a volume or a simple volume The volume is assigned a drive letter and is formatted with a file system (such as NTFS) The active partition is always the primary partition Can be up to three primary partitions The overall structure an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive A cluster is the smallest unit of space on a disk in a file system for storing a file and is made up of one or more sectors Can track how clusters are used for each file stored on the disk One of the four partitions on a drive can be an extended partition Can be divided into one or more logical drives Each logical drive is assigned a drive letter (ex - G:) and is formatted using its own file system When the drive is first installed When an OS is first installed The installation process partitions and formats the drive, if necessary You can also use the Disk Management tool to view and manage partitions after Windows is installed After an existing partition becomes corrupted Before a primary partition or volume can be used, it must be formatted using a file system For the extended partition, each logical drive must be formatted with a file system FAT32 Named after the file allocation table A table on the hard drive or floppy disk that tracks how much space on a disk is used to store files Has storage limitations concerning hard drive size, volume size, and file size Offered with Windows XP Service Pack 1 and newer NTFS Named after the New Technology file system Designed to provide greater security and more storage capacity than FAT32 Offered with basic Windows XP install and newer Recommended for use when partitioning exFAT Stands for Extended FAT Uses a 64-bit file allocation table Does not: Have the storage limitations found in FAT32 Offer the security features of NTFS Require as much overhead as NTFS Normally used in lower-end systems Found in Windows XP if Service Pack 2 and 3 are installed, or new Windows OS 1. Boot the system to the Windows desktop 2. Click Start, right-click Computer (My Computer) and select Manage 3. Right-click the new hard drive and select Initialize Disk 4. Select MBR and click OK. The drive will be initialized as a Basic Drive 5. To format, right-click the unallocated space on the drive and select New Simple Volume. The wizard will appear, which you will follow to: Choose a volume size Assign a drive letter to the volume Assign a volume name Select the type of file system Difference in OS used Vista will make the first three partitions primary, and the fourth extended XP allows you to decide which partition will be the extended partition Stands for Disk Operating System Originally developed for IBM by Microsoft Windows 95, 98 and Millennium Edition were all partially DOS based There are many versions of DOS such as: FreeDOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS and MS-DOS. Most frequently MS-DOS is referred to as DOS MS-DOS stands for MicroSoft Disk Operating System Still in Operating systems today but listed as Command Prompt Has a list of commands that are not normally used by the everyday user Accessed in XP by typing CMD in the run dialog box or under the accessories tab on the program list In the early days of DOS no programs were capable of converting files to other program types or exchanging data since each program had it’s own way of reading and writing it’s binary data ASCII was developed to solve this problem, ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Defines 256 eight bit characters. Doom Duke Nukem Sim City 2000 Command and Conquer Warcraft I Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? Sid Meier’s Civilization Transport Tycoon Then Now Then Now Then Now Then Now Microsoft developed (DOS), in 1981. DOS was designed for the IBM Personal Computer DOS is a collection of programs and commands used to control the overall computer operation in a disk-based system Three sections make up DOS: Boot files File management files Utility files A simple operating system 16- bit operating system does not support multiple users or muiltitasking DOS is useful as a troubleshooting aid when Windows will not boot. It allows the hard drive to be accessed without the GUI and provides the ability to run troubleshooting or diagnostic programs. DOS is a command line operating system, it is not userfriendly DOS can only run one program at a time. DOS can only run small programs and has memory limitations DOS is an essential tool for IT professionals and is used extensively for troubleshooting Basic commands are generally internal and more advanced commands are usually external. The command line is the space immediately following the DOS prompt, C:\> where C:\ represents the hard disk drive root directory, and ">" is known as the prompt. A switch is added to the command by adding a space, a forward-slash (/), and a single letter. DOSKEY keeps a history of executed commands so you can use arrow keys to retrieve them Over 100 different commands http://www.easydos.com/dosindex.html A DOS boot disk is a great tool to use to troubleshoot when the computer is not booting properly. A DOS boot disk is just a floppy disk with three necessary system files on it: COMMAND.COM IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS The COMMAND.COM command interpreter accepts commands issued through the keyboard, or other input device, and carries them out according to the commands definition. When DOS runs an application, COMMAND.COM finds the program, loads it into memory, and then gives it control of the system. When the program is shut down, it passes control back to the command interpreter. The IO.SYS file moves the system’s basic I/O functions into memory and then implements the MS-DOS default control programs, referred to as device drivers, for various hardware components. These include the following: The boot disk drive The console display and keyboard The system’s time-of-day clock The parallel and serial communications port The MSDOS.SYS file provides default support features for software applications. These features include the following: Memory management Character input and output Real-time clock access File and record management Execution of other programs In the MS-DOS operating system, there are two special configuration files, called CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. As the system moves through the steps in the boot procedure, the BIOS first checks in the root directory of the boot disk for the presence of the CONFIG.SYS file. Next, it searches for the COMMAND.COM interpreter, and finally looks in the root directory again for the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Both the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files can play significant roles in optimizing the system memory. 1. When can primary and extended partitions be created? A. When the hard drive is first installed B. When an OS is first installed C. After an existing partition becomes corrupted D. All of the above are correct When the drive is first installed When an OS is first installed The installation process partitions and formats the drive, if necessary You can also use the Disk Management tool to view and manage partitions after Windows is installed After an existing partition becomes corrupted 2. Which file system is available anywhere from a basic Windows XP install on and is recommended when partitioning a hard drive? A. NTFS B. FAT C. FAT32 D. exFAT NTFS Named after the New Technology file system Designed to provide greater security and more storage capacity than FAT32 Offered with basic Windows XP install and newer Recommended for use when partitioning 3. A _________ is the overall structure an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive. A. Volume B. Active Partition C. File System D. Cluster The overall structure an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive A cluster is the smallest unit of space on a disk in a file system for storing a file and is made up of one or more sectors Can track how clusters are used for each file stored on the disk 4. How many bytes are each partition on the Master Boot Record? A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 20 A division of a hard drive that can hold volumes Windows can support up to four partitions on one hard drive, each of which are 16-byte entries on the Master Boot Record 5. How many bytes are written to each sector on a hard disk? A. 64 bytes B. 128 bytes C. 256 bytes D. 512 bytes Disk drive hardware writes onto floppy 1 disk 160 tracks (80 on each side) 18 sectors on each track 512 bytes on each sector 6. Quick formatting occurs during low-level formatting? A. True B. False Process of setting up an empty file system on the disk Install boot sector sometimes referred to as “quick format” 7. Once data has been deleted, it is impossible to retrieve it under any circumstances A. True B. False When data is “erased” during a high-level format, it is still readable until new data has written over it Some file systems don’t write to the same locations, allowing data to stay on disk until disk space starts having to be recycled 8. What section is not part of DOS? A. File management files B. Boot files C. Support files D. Utility files Microsoft developed (DOS), in 1981. DOS was designed for the IBM Personal Computer DOS is a collection of programs and commands used to control the overall computer operation in a disk-based system Three sections make up DOS: Boot files File management files Utility files A simple operating system 16- bit operating system does not support multiple users or muiltitasking 9. DOS is a _______ bit operating system. A. 8 B. 32 C. 16 D. 64 Microsoft developed (DOS), in 1981. DOS was designed for the IBM Personal Computer DOS is a collection of programs and commands used to control the overall computer operation in a disk-based system Three sections make up DOS: Boot files File management files Utility files A simple operating system 16- bit operating system does not support multiple users or muiltitasking 10. DOS can run multiple programs at one time. A. True B. False DOS is useful as a troubleshooting aid when Windows will not boot. It allows the hard drive to be accessed without the GUI and provides the ability to run troubleshooting or diagnostic programs. DOS is a command line operating system, it is not userfriendly DOS can only run one program at a time. DOS can only run small programs and has memory limitations DOS is an essential tool for IT professionals and is used extensively for troubleshooting 11. What command do you type at the run dialog box to access the command-line interface in Windows XP? A. CMD B. CONAND C. MSDOS D. CP Most frequently MS-DOS is referred to as DOS MS-DOS stands for MicroSoft Disk Operating System Still in Operating systems today but listed as Command Prompt Has a list of commands that are not normally used by the everyday user Accessed in XP by typing CMD in the run dialog box or under the accessories tab on the program list 12. The ASCII Standard defines how many 8bit characters? A. 64 B. 256 C. 512 D. 64,000 Defines 256 eight bit characters 13. What does DOS stand for? A. Disk Organizing System B. Dual Operating Systems C. Disk Operating System D. Disk Operations Setup Stands for Disk Operating System Originally developed for IBM by Microsoft Windows 95, 98 and Millennium Edition were all partially DOS based There are many versions of DOS such as: FreeDOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS and MS-DOS. Andrews, Jean "CompTIA A+ 2009 In Depth". Boston: Cengage Learning, 2010 Docter, Quentin. CompTIA A+ complete study guide (exams 220-701/220-702). Indianapolis: Wiley Technology Pub., 2009. Print. Michael Meyers: A+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition , Mc Graw Hill. 2010 http://www.wikipedia.org/ http://www.easydos.com/dosindex.html http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm http://www.jabzweb.com/tips-andtricks/2009/11/how-to-have-the-complete-listof-ms-dos-commands/ http://lifehacker.com/157578/geek-to-live-how-to-format-your-hard-drive-and-installwindows-xp-from-scratch http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/geom/for matLow-c.html http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/geom/for matHigh-c.html