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European Cultures Crusades were launched by Pope Urban II, who wanted to regain the Holy Land. The Crusades were significant because they encouraged a new desire for exploration. For centuries the Roman Empire had dominated Europe, until the Middle Ages where their political and economical systems collapsed. Feudalism Definition- Political system in which powerful leaders gave land to nobles in exchange for pledges of loyalty and service By 1100 feudalism had spread throughout much of Europe, but it lacked a strong central government and therefore they had warfare. The Manorial System Manorial describes the economic relationship between nobles and peasants The wealth of the feudal lord came from the labor of the peasants who lived on his land. In return for protection, peasants provided services for the Lord. (Such as farming and payments of goods.) Serfs- they were peasants who were bound to the manor and couldn’t leave without permission. An Improving Economy The economy turned around because of the invention of a better plow. This allowed farmers to produce more food. The higher production of food provided a more stable government & less bandits. The Church The Roman Catholic Church struggled after the fall of Rome. The church did provide stability and order in the midst of civil chaos. Disobedience to Church laws resulted in penalties or excommunication. The Crusades helped change western European society by bringing western Europeans into contact with the Muslim and Byzantine civilizations of Eastern Europe. This lead to the demand of luxury goods such as spices, sugar, melons, silk, & more. The more they expanded the more luxuries they wanted from different areas. (Mongols, Chinese, Africa) Before the 1300’s trade with Asia was wanted but impossible due to lack of technology. But with the improvements the ability to look for a direct trade route with Asia became possible. Strong States Emerge Portugal, Spain, England, & France These 4 states started financing voyages of exploration in the hope of finding trade & national power The Renaissance Spurs Discoveries Period from 1350 until 1600. Renaissance means “rebirth” Was called that because of the renewed interest in the culture of ancient Greece & Rome. New Technology To make long voyages they need new equipment Astrolabe- device that uses the position of the sun to determine direction, latitude, and time. The Portuguese developed the caravel or a small ship that could carry cargo They were the 1st to find a sea route to Asia. Henry the Navigator set up centers for astronomical and geographical studies. They reached Asia by sailing through the Cape of Good Hope underneath Africa.