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Motivations and Introduction • Phenomenal growth in computer industry/technology: X2/18mo in 20yr. multi-GFLOPs processors, largely due to –Micro-electronics technology –Computer Design innovations • We have come a long way in a short time of 56 years since the 1st general purpose computer in 1946: Slide 1 Motivations and Introduction Past (Milestones): – First electronic computer ENIAC in 1946: 18,000 vacuum tubes, 3,000 cubic feet, 20 2-foot 10-digit registers, 5 KIPs (thousand additions per second); – First microprocessor (a CPU on a single IC chip) Intel 4004 in 1971: 2,300 transistors, 60 KIPs, $200; – Virtual elimination of assembly language programming reduced the need for object-code compatibility; – The creation of standardized, vendor-independent operating systems, such as UNIX and its clone, Linux, lowered the cost and risk of bringing out a new architecture – RISC instruction set architecture paved ways for drastic design innovations that focused on two critical performance techniques: instruction-level parallelism and use of caches Slide 2 Motivations and Introduction Present (State of the art): – Microprocessors approaching/surpassing 10 GFLOPS; – A high-end microprocessor (<$10K) today is easily more powerful than a supercomputer (>$10million) ten years ago; – While technology advancement contributes a sustained annual growth of 35%, innovative computer design accounts for another 25% annual growth rate a factor of 15 in performance gains!(fig1.1) – Three different computing markets (fig. 1.3): » Desktop Computing –- driven by price-performance (a few hundreds through over 10K); » Servers – availability driven (distinguished from reliability), providing sustained high performance (fig. 1.2) » Embedded Computers – fastest growing portion of the computer market, real-time performance driven, and need to minimize memory and power, as well as ASIC Slide 3 Motivations and Introduction Present (State of the art): – The Task of the Computer Designer (Fig. 1.4): » Instruction Set Architecture (Traditional view of what Computer Architecture is), the boundary between software and hardware; » Organization, high-level aspects of a computer’s design, such as the memory system, the bus structure, the internal design of CPU, based on a given instruction set architectrue; » Hardware, the specifics of a machine, including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the machine. Slide 4