Download What is fundamentalism?

FUNDAMENTALISM,
ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM
AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF
JIHĀD
INDEX
What is fundamentalism?
 How did the term “fundamentalism” begin?
 What is Islamic fundamentalism?
 What is “Jihād”?
 What is offensive Jihād?
 What is defensive Jihād?
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WHAT IS FUNDAMENTALISM?
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Fundamentalism is the literal dogmatic
interpretation of the sacred texts (or their
equivalent, outside a religious context) that is
based on these fundamental precepts (typically
religious, but not limited to) and rejecting any
contrasting ideology.
HOW DID THE TERM
“FUNDAMENTALISM” BEGIN?
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Historically, the term was born in 1909 with the North American
Protestantism, which opposed the theories of theological liberalism.
Initially, the key concepts regarding fundamentalism were those of a
conservative, closed and restricted view of society: exclusiveness,
isolation, antagonism, defensiveness, but also, conversely, aggressive
against anyone who is not aligned. The term was also used towards
people who belonged to the same ideological group but maintained a
non radical behavior and attitude, were moderate, open to
compromise or would advocate a non-restrictive interpretation of
religious truth.
The term fundamentalism, which originally referred to the Protestant
world, was replaced in the '50s when the major members of the
religious sect decided to officially change the name.
This term has spread into common usage to identify all those points
of view - of thought and practice in the religious world - who insist on
a literal interpretation of sacred texts such as the Bible or the Koran,
and who have anti-modernist movements in their respective religions.
WHAT IS ISLAMIC
FUNDAMENTALISM?
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The term "fundamentalism" can be traced to the noun used
by the militants asāsiyyūn (from the Arabic asās: "basis,
foundation") since the birth of the Shiites in the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
The definition of Islamic "fundamentalism" - often used by
the mass media - is neither more nor less than a tautology,
because of the difficulty the Islamics have in accepting a
way of life in which the mixture between religious and
worldly aspects is not, by definition, "fundamental".
The Muslims want to give an interpretation of the world
based on a link between religious precepts and social order,
the state, and ultimately the power, contained in the
expression dīn wa dunya, in other words "religion and the
world."
For a Muslim believer “disbelief" means to reserve the
expression of personal faith in a private sphere of his own
conscience, without influencing and shaping the outside
world on it.
WHAT IS JIHĀD”?
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Jihād is an Arabic word, (ǧihād in Arabic: ‫ )جهاد‬which
comes from the root <ǧ-hd> that means "exerting
maximum effort."
The word connotes a wide range of meanings, from
the inner spiritual struggle to draw on a perfect faith
up to the holy war. The term refers to one of the
fundamental institutions of Islam.
Today, the term is used in many circles as if it had an
exclusively military dimension. Even though this is
the most common interpretation of Jihād, it is
noteworthy that the word is not strictly used in this
context in the Koran, the sacred text of Islam. It is
also true, however, that the word is used in several
Hadīth contexts in both the military and non-military
sense.
WHAT IS OFFENSIVE JIHĀD?
The offensive Jihād is to wage a war of
aggression and conquer all non-Muslims in order
to submit them and their territories to Islamic
rule.
 According to many interpretations including the
Encylopedia of the Orient, "the offensive Jihād, in
other words the attack, is fully accepted by Sunni
Islam", but unlike the defensive Jihād, individual
Muslims aren’t forced to participate, while the
Muslim community as a whole is.
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WHAT IS DEFENSIVE JIHĀD?
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Most Muslims consider the armed struggle against
foreign occupation or oppression by an internal
government worthy of defensive Jihād. In fact, it
seems that the Koran demands the military defense
of the Muslim community under siege.
In the colonial era the Muslim population rose up
against the colonial authorities under the Jihād flag:
Dagestan, Chechnya, the Indian revolt against Great
Britain (Indian Rebellion of 1857) and the Algerian
war of independence against France.
In this sense, the defensive Jihād is no different from
the right of armed resistance against occupation,
which is recognized by the UN and international law.
CREDITS
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Bibliography:
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http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/fondamentalismo/
http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/fondamentalismo.html
http://www2.bodoni.pr.it/5bareaprogetto/html/fondament2.htm
http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/i-fondamentalismi-nelmondo-contemporaneo_(XXI-Secolo)/
Group: Ciulin Manuel, Ferrari Davide, Ferrazzo Michael,
Iacumin Jessica, Polonio Giulia