Download Unit 5 - The Woodlands High School

UNIT 5
Africa & Islam
Quizlet:
http://quizlet.com/_fy4ub
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
1. What are the historical origins and central beliefs of
Islam and Sikhism?
2. What caused the development of the Islamic empires
and what effects did these developments have on
civilization?
3. What were the political, economic, and social effects of
the spread of Islamic culture?
4. What role did trade ply in the spread of Islam and the
diffusion of ideas and technology?
5. What were the achievements of the Ottomans, Safavids,
and Mughals?
ISLAM
Arabian Peninsula:
crossroad of 3 continents
Bedouins
– desert tribes, nomads to oasis settlements
Crossroads to trade & ideas
Silk Road connection
Mecca – central trade city
• Ka’aba – center of worship (360 idols)
• Many practiced monotheism
• Allah as God
• Muhammad was born here in 570 A.D.
THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD
Meditated & vision of angel Gabriel from Allah (God) @ 40
Muhammad believed he was last of the prophets
Believers: Muslim = one who has submitted
Islam = “submission to the will of Allah”
Muhammad flees to Medina, 622
Hijrah: his flight from Mecca to Medina
622, Beginning of the Muslim calendar
Drew many followers (converts)
630 his return to Mecca
Ka’ba becomes the “House of God”
Umma = Muslim religious community
632 Muhammad dies
BELIEFS & PRACTICES OF ISLAM
Main belief: one God, Allah
Holy book: Qur’an (Koran)
Five Pillars:
1.
Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah”
2.
Prayer: 5 times a day, facing Mecca ; Mosque
3.
Alms – special religious tax for poor
4.
Fasting: in holy month of Ramadan
5.
Pilgrimage: hajj –to Mecca
Governments are theocracy
Daily life and religion are same
Other beliefs:
May not eat pork
Friday afternoons – communal worship in a mosque
• Has no priests or central religious authority
Follow Sharia law – system of law made up of Sunna
and Quran
Sunna – Muhammad’s example – model for living
Sharia – regulates moral conduct, family life, business
practices, government. Applies the Qur’an to all legal
situations
Sunni and Shi’a sects interpret differently
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
After Muhammad’s death:
ruled by Caliph = successor
“Rightly guided” Caliphs
– 1st 4 caliphs had known Muhammad
Civil wars for control after last of 4 “Rightly Guided”
caliphs died
Caused split in Muslims
Sunni – majority: supported Umayyad as caliph
Shi’ite (Shi’a)- minority: thought caliph should be blood
kin to Muhammad
SPREAD OF ISLAM
Trade, warfare and missionary activities of Sufis (Pursued a life of poverty and
spirituality)
Asia
Abbasid caliphate – grew from a religious community in Southwest Asia
to a political empire with interactions with Persian, Turkish and Indian
cultures
Spread along the Silk Road
Europe
Umayyad caliphate – established control over Spain, preserved Greek
and Roman heritage, invasion halted at the Battle of Tours in 732
Spread ideas and technology, revived trade and helped end the Middle
Ages
Africa
Fatimid caliphate - Merchants in port cities mixed Arabic with African
Bantu to create Swahili, spread with the gold-salt trade into sub-Sahara
MUSLIMS HUGE EMPIRE,
MUSLIM SOCIETY
Created urban centers – Damascus (oldest)
• Baghdad (Abbasid capital), Cordoba (Umayyad capital), Cairo
(Fatimid capital),
4 social classes:

upper – Muslims by birth

2nd – Islam by conversion

3rd – “protected people of the book” Jews & Christians, Zoroastrians

4th – slaves, all non-Muslims
Quran forbade forced conversion
Conquered who adopted Islam exempt from taxes
Persecuted people often welcomed them
Islam appealed to lower classes
MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP
House of Wisdom in Baghdad
Medical advances, Math & Science
• Astrolabe to navigate
• Translated scientific and medical documents into Arabid
• Used experiments in laboratory settings
– Al-Khwarizmi – created algebra, bringing together
unknowns to match known quantities
– Ibn al-Haytham – study of optics used to create
telescopes
ART & ARCHITECTURE
Islam forbade depiction of living beings
(only Allah can create life)
Artists used calligraphy for expression (beautiful handwriting)
Architecture: cultural blend
Great Mosque of Damascus
ARCHITECTURE
ROLE OF WOMEN:
Women had legal rights under shari’a; educated, protected by laws, allowed divorce
and inheritance,
Women lived in seclusion
Upper-class women were veiled
Influential w/in the family, but not in public
Allowed more freedoms in Muslim Africa
Location and ruling sect has much to do with the day to day rules for women
LINKS TO JUDAISM & CHRISTIANITY:
Allah is same God of Christians & Jews
See Qur’an as same as Torah & Bible
Qur’an was final book and Muhammad was final prophet
All 3 religions believe in heaven, hell, & day of judgment
Muslims trace ancestry to Abraham, same as Jews &
Christians
Christians & Jews are “people of the book” & Shari’a law
required toleration
THE DOME OF THE ROCK:
•
Jerusalem
•
oldest Islamic monument
– rock from which Muhammad ascended to heaven
THE MIDDLE EAST TODAY:
WEST AFRICAN KINGDOMS
•
•
Ghana
•
Production of iron weapons enabled them to control West Africa’s trade routes
•
Gold-Salt trade
•
Taxed all trade through their area
•
System of feudalism
•
Invaded by Muslims – never fully recovered
Mali
•
Conquered old Ghana area
•
Rulers adopted Islam (not majority)
•
Gold-Salt wealth
•
Leader Mansa Musa – traveled to Mecca, brought back Muslim scholars
• Timbuktu – great learning center
• Ibn Battuta – Arab traveler impressed by wealth, respect for law and ruler’s power
•
Songhai
•
Rich from trade
•
Continued Timbuktu as learning center
•
Fell to Morocco, but they were unable to hold it from great distance
• Ended the great West African kingdoms
•
Other States
GOLD-SALT TRADE
•
The shaded portion indicates the empire of Mali in the fourteenth century, and the dashed
lines trace the main trans-Saharan routes of the period.
GOLD-SALT TRADE
•
Gold, sought from the western and central Sudan, was the main commodity of the transSaharan trade.
•
The traffic in gold was spurred by the demand for and supply of coinage.
•
Leaders of the ancient kingdom of Ghana accumulated wealth by keeping the core of pure
metal, leaving the unworked native gold to be marketed by their people.
•
Although local supply of salt was sufficient in sub-Saharan Africa, the consumption of
Saharan salt was promoted for trade purposes.
AFRICAN SLAVERY
• Originated with Muslim merchants
• Traded goods for slaves
• Muslim African rulers enslaved non-Muslims
• Had legal protections
• Could earn freedom through conversion
THE MUSLIM WORLD EXPANDS: OTTOMANS BUILD A EMPIRE
– Successful use of technology-gun powder and muskets
– 1st to use cannons to destroy walls
– Treated conquered people kindly
– Constantinople becomes Istanbul
– Conquer Mecca, Medina, Cairo
– Controlled trade in the Mediterranean
– United the Muslim world - Turkish descent but practiced Islam
– not all Muslims are Arab
SULEIMAN’S EMPIRE: 1520-1566
)
MUSLIM-HINDU INTERACTIONS
•
Although introduced by Arab merchants during the late 7 th c., Islam became more
prevalent in India through the Muslim conquests beginning in the 8 th c.
•
Invaders regarded the Hindu people as similar to the Mushriks of pre-Islamic Arabia, the
idol-worshiping polytheistic tribes against whom Muhammad had waged wars, and for
whom religious tolerance is not prescribed by the Quran
MUSLIM INVASION OF INDIA
• Conquered the region - Delhi Sultanate established in
Northern/Central India
• Killed many Hindus, destroyed temples
• Ruled for 300+ years, Islam became official religion
• Hinduism still the dominate religion
• Islam resented by upper class
• Tamerlane (Mongol)
• Destroyed Delhi, murdered its people to end the Delhi
Sultanate
• Allowed the return of traditional Hindu beliefs and customs
SIKHISM
• Originated in Punjab (northern India)
• Guru Nanak Dev
• Developed out of Hindu Muslim interactions
• Reincarnation with one God
• All are equal in eyes of God
• No discrimination between classes, genders or
faiths