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Wetlands Area that has at least one of the following qualities: 1. at least periodically supports mostly water loving plants (hydrophytes) 2. at times the soil is too wet to contain oxygen 3. at some time the soil is saturated or covered with water South Dakota Historically 2.7 million acres Currently 1.3 - 1.7 million acres BN Wetland Functions 1. Ground water recharge 2. Flood control 3. Wildlife Production 4. Endangered species habitat 5. Recreation 6. Animal forage (drinking) 7. Sediment and nutrient regulation 8. Wastewater treatment Wetland Functions 1. Ground water recharge Wetland Functions 2. Flood Control - Holds runoff Wetland Functions 3. Wildlife production - Most productive wildlife habitat in SD - SD is one of the top producers of waterfowl in the U.S. Wetland Functions 4. Endangered Species habitat Dakota skipper Whooping crane Wetland Functions 5. Recreation Wetland Functions 6. Animal forage Wetland Functions 7. Sediment and nutrient regulation Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen gas (N2) Nitrogen fixation (Nitrogen fixing bacteria) Plants Ammonia (NH3) Animals Decomposition Nitrifying bacteria Wetland Functions 8. Waste water treatment • Nitrate/ammonia – Fertilizer/feed lots – Taken up by plants very easily – Product of decomposition • Phosphate – Feed lots – Bound up in sediments – Limiting nutrient • Iron – Bound in sediments • Iron, phosphate bound in sediments – Released in absence of oxygen Buildup of (and of water can result in an ) in a body die, sink, & Decomposition to happen is needed by in the lake High levels of & can result in a “fish kill” because of eutrophication