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Vaccines in Emerging Virus Yen Phan, Prajwal Acharya, Marc Thebaud, Christina Johnson, Julie David Introduction/Background: Viruses have caused some of How does vaccines work? the most dramatic and deadly disease pandemics in human history. A Interfere in DNA synthesis Block reverse transcriptase Block integration fusion of viral DNA with host DNA Inhibit uncoating of viruses •Ex. Measles highly contagious disease caused by the variola virus, smallpox plagued mankind since 10,000 BC. In the 20th century alone smallpox killed between 300-500 million people before its eradication in 1980. The 1918-1919 “Spanish Flu” pandemic infected roughly one-third of the world's human population causing an estimated 50-100 million deaths. In 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 strain of influenza A virus rapidly spread to over 213 countries causing the first declared pandemic of the 21st century. Objective/Questions: The purpose of this project is to learn and understand the function and mechanism of vaccines and how does it compare with antibiotics and compare which is better at treating emerging viruse. Why is vaccine better used to tackle emerging viruses compare to antibiotics? What is a vaccine? A vaccine is a substance that is used to stimulate our immune system to produce antibodies. It also provides immunity without actually infecting us with the disease. How are vaccines created? Weaken the virus Inactivate the virus Part of the virus Inactivating the toxins How does vaccines work? Interfere in DNA synthesis Block reverse transcriptase Block integration fusion of viral DNA with host DNA Inhibit uncoating of viruses •Ex. Measles Antibiotics •Used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria •Classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic Kill bacteria directly Prevent cell division •Narrow-spectrum vs. Broad range •Most modified chemically from compounds found in nature. Antibiotics- Mode of Action Inhibitors of cell wall and membrane functions. Inhibitors of protein synthesis. Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis. Inhibitors of other metabolic •Ex. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Vaccine Both bacteria and virus Antibiotics bacteria Before infection Taken orally or through injection After infection Tablets, capsules, drop, ointments. Enhance immunity with memory B cell. Kill bacteria and prevent growth Specific to type of microbes Work on many bacteria Effective Possible Resistance Further Questions •Why can’t we come up with a permanent vaccine for Influenza? •How can we make vaccine more affordable? •What are news way to target bacteria? •that are resistant to antibiotics?