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Unit 3: Cells Processes (Photosynthesis & Respiration) I. Cell Energy A. ATP All cells (plant, animal, bacteria, etc.) need energy for active transport, cell division, movement of flagella or cilia, muscle contraction, etc. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores energy in the chemical bonds between the 3 phosphate groups. The third phosphate bond is weak and when broken, releases energy lesser/no energy • AMP = one phosphate group available • ADP = two phosphate groups B. Food you eat is digested to make the ATP you need. Macromolecule broken down Energy released Carbohydrate * 4 calories/mg Lipid 9 cal/mg Protein 4 cal/mg * most commonly used II. Photosynthesis process where autotrophs convert sunlight into chemical energy & supports virtually all life on Earth energy stored as sugars which are used by heterotrophs occurs in plants and some algae takes place in the chloroplasts, using chlorophyll 6CO2 + 6H20 Organisms that do NOT require sunlight to make energy use chemosynthesis (convert chemical energy to make energy storing carbon compounds). These include archaebacteria in extreme environments like deep ocean thermal vents. C6H12O6 + 6O2 A. Light Dependent Reaction 1. occurs in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast 2. begins when energy from sunlight is absorbed by pigments in photosystem II 3. H2O molecules are split into O2 (released), H+ and high energy electrons (e-) 4. H+ ions build up in thylakoid and move through ATP synthase into stroma, providing energy to make ATP 5. e- go through electron transport chain to photosystem I, where they are accepted by NADP+ along with H+ to form NADPH B. Light Independent Reaction 1. also called Calvin cycle or dark reaction 2. occurs in stroma (fluid outside thylakoid) of chloroplast 3. light not required 4. CO2 enters undergoes a series of reactions to build high–energy compounds, (G3P then glucose) using energy from ATP and NADPH (from the light dependent reaction) 5. These sugars are either stored (as starch or cellulose) or used by the plant for growth & development II. Cellular Respiration A. Overview/Equation all organisms must breakdown compounds to make ATP energy cellular respiration involves the breakdown of carbon containing molecules in the presence of O2 to make ATP in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 (MEMORIZE!!) it is a 3 step aerobic process that begins with glycolysis B. Glycolysis – anaerobic process where glucose is broken down in cytoplasm of cells Glucose is broken down into 2 simpler 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate 2 molecules of ATP are also produced (only 2% of total chemical energy in glucose) C. Aerobic Respiration 1. Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) – if O2 is present, then pyruvate moves into matrix of mitochondria Each pyruvate “turns” the Krebs cycle once, releasing 3 CO2 and one ATP molecule (a net of 6 CO2 and 2 ATP) Energy is transferred to next step 2. Electron Transport Chain Occurs in cristae (inner membrane) of mitochondria ATP is produced (32 or 34 ATP) which is used for multiple life processes O2 is used and reacts with H+ and e- to make H2O (6 O2 will produce 6 H2O) D. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) occurs when not enough/no O2 is present in cells does NOT make ATP, but allows glycolysis to continue, which makes small amounts of ATP 1. Lactic acid fermentation – converts pyruvate to lactic acid • occurs when muscles run out of O2 (during intense exercise, etc.) • “burning” of muscles, soreness • lactic acid is diffused back into blood and transported to liver where it is converted back to pyruvate 2. Alcoholic Fermentation – converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) • used by yeast and some plants; CO2 makes breads rise, the ethanol evaporates during cooking • produces wines, beers and other ethanol beverages Note: These are the 2 most common types of fermentation. Bacteria use other types to produce yogurts, cheeses and aid in digestion