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The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
A. Oxygen Demand
all eukaryotes require oxygen.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
A. Oxygen Demand
all eukaryotes require oxygen.
bacteria show greater variability:
- obligate anaerobes - die in presence of O2
- aerotolerant - don't die, but don't use O2
- facultative aerobes - can use O2, but don't need it
- obligate aerobes - require O2 to live
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
A. Oxygen Demand
all eukaryotes require oxygen.
bacteria show greater variability:
- obligate anaerobes - die in presence of O2
represents an interesting
continuum, perhaps
- aerotolerant - don't die, but don't use O2
correlating with the
- facultative aerobes - can use O2, but don't need it
presence of O2 in the
atmosphere.
- obligate aerobes - require O2 to live
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron
donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only
done by bacteria.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron
donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only
done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest
organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron
donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only
done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest
organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
- photoautotrophs: use light as source of energy, and use this
energy to fix carbon dioxide. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron
donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only
done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest
organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
- photoautotrophs: use light as source of energy, and use this
energy to fix carbon dioxide. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
- chemoheterotrophs: get energy and carbon from organics
they consume. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron
donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only
done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest
organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
- photoautotrophs: use light as source of energy, and use this
energy to fix carbon dioxide. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
- chemoheterotrophs: get energy and carbon from organics
they consume. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
- the only organisms that fix nitrogen into biologically useful
forms that can be absorbed by plants.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
- the only organisms that fix nitrogen into biologically useful
forms that can be absorbed by plants.
- primary decomposers (with fungi)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they
didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate
metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of
organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
- the only organisms that fix nitrogen into biologically useful
forms that can be absorbed by plants.
- primary decomposers (with fungi)
- pathogens
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early Earth
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early Earth
The three Archaean groups exploit
extreme environments (like early Earth?):
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early Earth
The two Archaean groups exploit extreme
environments (like early Earth?):
Crenarchaeota:
'thermacidophiles' - reduce
sulphur compounds in geothermal
sulphur springs and geothermal vents.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early Earth
The two Archaean groups exploit extreme
environments (like early Earth?):
Crenarchaeota:
'thermacidophiles' - reduce
sulphur compounds in geothermal
sulphur springs and geothermal vents.
Euryarchaeota:
'methanogens' - reduce CO2
and harvest small amounts of energy.
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early Earth
The two Archaean groups exploit extreme
environments (like early Earth?):
Crenarchaeota:
'thermacidophiles' - oxidize
sulphur compounds in geothermal
sulphur springs and geothermal vents.
Euryarchaeota:
'methanogens' - reduce CO2
and harvest small amounts of energy.
'halophiles' - live in saline
environments; some have a very primitive
form of photosynthesis.
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
A. Characteristics
- membrane bound nucleus
- organelles
- sexual reproduction
infolding of membrane
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
B. Origins
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
B. Origins
endosymbiosis - mitochondria and
chloroplasts (Margulis - 1970's)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
B. Origins
endosymbiosis - mitochondria and
chloroplasts (Margulis - 1970's)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
C. Phylogeny
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
- green alga
Same chlorophyll as
plants
alternation of
generation
genetic analysis
confirms relatedness
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
- Choanoflagellates
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
E. Ecological Roles
- symbiotes – wood-digesting protists in insect guts
- parasites/disease - Plasmodium (Malaria)
- productivity – 25% of NPP by photosynthetic protists
(diatoms and alga)
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
- multicellular eukaryotes
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
- absorptive nutrition:
excrete enzymes into
environment and absorb the product of
that digestion. They digest dead matter
(decomposers) or live matter
(pathogens), or may be symbiotes.
IV. Fungi
2. Classification
IV. Fungi
2. Classification
- Chytridiomycota
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
Single celled members of these groups are all called “yeasts”. They
are distinguished from protists based on a chitinous cell wall and
absorptive (rather than phagocytic) nutrition.
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology
- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology
- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”
- The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions)
or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology
- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”
- The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions)
or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)
- These have a huge surface area/volume ratio
for absorption.
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology
- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”
- The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions)
or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)
- These have a huge surface area/volume ratio
for absorption.
- The largest organisms known… 37 acres.
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most
free-living bacteria can’t digest.
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most
free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics:
- Fungi and bacteria compete with one another for resources. They have
both evolved chemical defenses that will kill or stop the reproduction of the
other. The chemicals are antibiotics...and we use them to kill bacterial and
fungal and protistan infections when they occur in the human body.
Penicillin - produced by the Penicillium bread mold.
Tetracyclins - produced by a bacteria.
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most
free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics
- mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the
absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the
plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.
- many of these fungi are more sensitive to pollutants and toxins that their
host tree. For example, acid rain acidifies the soil and kills the mycorrhizae
that feed spruce and fir trees. The trees die.
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most
free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics
- mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus
increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and
nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.
- lichens – symbiote with alga
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which
most free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics
- mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the
absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to
the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.
- lichens – symbiote with alga
- pathogens – Athlete’s foot, ringworm,
yeast infections
- parasites – entomophagous fungi
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as
fruiting bodies
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as
fruiting bodies
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as
fruiting bodies
- haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic
hyphae.
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as
fruiting bodies
- haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic
hyphae.
- these dikaryotic hyphae form the
fruiting structure.
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as
fruiting bodies
- haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic
hyphae.
- these dikaryotic hyphae form the
fruiting structure.
- at the tip of each hyphae, the
basidium forms, in which meiosis
occurs to produce new haploid spores.