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Electronic Commerce COMP3210 Session 3: Designing , Building and Evaluating e-Commerce Initiatives – Part I Dr. Paul Walcott Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus Barbados © 2007 Dr. Paul Walcott The Department of Computer Science Mathematics and Physics, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados Session Objectives The objectives of this session are: Comprehend Web site usability issues To understand HTML and cascading style sheets To analyse some basic Web site design principles To apply five criteria in order to determine the credibility of an Internet source To construct a Web site using e-commerce and Webbased software Web Site Design Principles1,2 In this section we will: http://www.cybermarket.co.uk/ishop/images/923/429_904.jpg Briefly discuss interface design Present some Web site design principles Web Site Design Principles Cont’d What is an interface? It is the front end (or user controls) of a device E.g. a remote control is the interface for a television set Or a light switch is the interface for an electric light Web Site Design Principles Cont’d So what makes a good Web interface? It must be easy to use Important items are always available, yet not intrusive E-commerce site should provide links to the checkout The purpose of the Web site must be immediately understandable; things must be arranged logically The Web site functionality must be easy to deduce This includes no cryptic icons In addition, the site should be interesting and colourful (without being irritating) Web Site Design Principles Cont’d When designing a Web site the designer must consider: The type of screen or device that the Web page will be displayed on (is it in colour etc.) Whether the page will be printed Although this is a secondary issue The size of the screen The designer unfortunately does not have full control over these media Web Site Design Principles Cont’d It is important to set a Web site theme. This is a multi-step process: Set the Web site goals Determine your audience Define the look and feel of the Web site Web Site Design Principles Cont’d To determine the goals of your Web site consider asking the following questions: What is the purpose of creating your Web site? Should I concentrate on only one goal? What will happen if the goals change and how will it affect the maintenance of the Web site? Goals need to be balanced against available resources and time Web Site Design Principles Cont’d To determine the audience of the Web site consider the following factors: Visitor’s age: young, elderly or ageless? Language: is there a requirement to support more than one? Culture Income group: who can afford your product/service? Educational sophistication: scientific Web sites have less images Attention span: after a few clicks the visitor might leave Web Site Design Principles Cont’d When considering the Web site look and feel it is important to communicate: The company’s logos, name, products and location The unique qualities of the company Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Design principles Nonlinear presentation One or two screens per page Simple navigation Small graphics for faster page loading Appealing visual effects Web Site Design Principles Cont’d The WWW is characterised by: Non-linear information delivery Pages that are viewed on desktop PCs, Notebooks computers, Web-enabled mobile phones and Palm PCs Multiple Internet connection options including Fibre optic lines, TV cable and dial-up phone lines These characteristics must be considered when designing a Web site Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Nonlinear Presentation: Traditional media, e.g. a lecture, present information in a linear way A Web site should utilise multidimensional hyperlinks for quick, usercentered navigation Web Site Design Principles Cont’d One or Two Screens Per Page: The home page of a Web site should be no longer than one or two pages Effective home pages present corporate information, logos and links on the first or second screen This prevents the need for a significant amount of scrolling, since the top of the page is what a visitor sees when entering the site Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Simple Navigation: The layout of a Web site should be clear and simple allowing easy navigation Hyperlinks should be grouped together logically Each hyperlink should connect a major topic or category e.g. Products Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Navigational links could be presented as: A bar of file folders A line of small rectangular or oval buttons A list of underlined text For easy navigation links should be placed: On the left, right or top side of the screen Or frames could be used which freeze the navigation controls on the screen Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Smaller Graphics For Faster Page Loading: The larger the graphics the longer a Web page will take to load, especially on a narrow-band connection (e.g. dial-up) Visitors will probably get fed up and leave the site Web Site Design Principles Cont’d As a general rule: JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group image format) is a 24-bit (16.7 million colours) image format Photographs should use the JPEG format A JPEG pictures on a Web page should be smaller than 50KB Not more than two (2) 50KB JPEG images should be on a single Web Page Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Alternatively: The GIF format (Graphics Interchange Format by CompuServe) is an 8-bit (256 colours) image format The GIF format is therefore suitable for navigation buttons, logos and Icons Navigation buttons should be smaller than 5KB each Typical buttons are 1-2KB each Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Appealing Visual Effects: Appealing visual effect can be made using the right combination of style, layout and colour 12 point Times New Roman or 11 point Arial fonts are typically used for regular text Headings are usually in a different colour, bold or in a larger font Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Colour contrast between text and background is crucial It is best to use a light background colour and dark text Special effect (e,g. blinking text) are suitable for short text strings, e,g, “Special Offer” not long sentences Always check the page layout on 12.1” – 15” diagonal screens since this is the monitor size for the average user Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Some additional design hints include: Always ensure that the user can get to all important pages (e.g. product descriptions) using a small number of mouse clicks Users get fed-up after a few mouse clicks Always design your Web site for the slowest connection speed, and the earliest browser used by your target audience Web Site Design Principles Cont’d Some additional design hints include: When creating information sites include a lot of white space; make the pages simple and uncluttered Users get fed-up after a few mouse clicks Always write an outline for your content and decide whether each major topic will be on a separate Web page (recommended); and which sub-topics require their own pages Constructing a Web Site3,6,7,8 http://www.madventurer.com/images/photo-building-house-past-project.jpg Software and hardware requirements Constructing a Web Site Cont’d From the company goals you should be able to estimate The number of visitors that will use your site The number of pages viewed by the average visitor The average and maximum allowed size of each page The maximum allowed number of simultaneous visitors This allows the software and hardware requirements to be determined Constructing a Web Site Cont’d First let us review some fundamentals about Web clients and servers Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Clients and Servers When an individual connects to the Internet to view a document, they become a client on the Webs client/server network The client/server architecture is used for LANs, WANs and the Web. Typical request serviced by servers connected to these networks include request to print, to retrieve information and to access databases Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Clients and Servers Web servers typically have More memory Larger and faster disk drives than client computers Web browser software e.g. IE, Netscape and Firefox is the software that makes computers work as Web clients The Internet connects several different types of computers together, therefore Web software must be platform neutral Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Dynamic Content A static page is an unchanging page retrieved from a disk A dynamic page is a page created by a program (script) based on user input E.g. a Web client inquires about the status of an order and the Web page that is returned is created from information stored in a database Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Dynamic Content This property (being dynamic) can affect the performance of the Web Server static pages are delivered faster than dynamic pages The first Web site to provide dynamic pages used server side scripting Programs running on the Web server that create web pages These technologies are slow Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Dynamic Content Newer technologies used for generating dynamic content include: Microsoft’s Active Server pages (ASP) Sun’s Java Server Pages (JSP) Apache’s PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Dynamic Web Pages: The Future Some critics say that ASP/JSP/PHP etc. do not solve the problem since they simply shift the responsibility of Web page creation from people to programs A project that is currently underway to tackle the problem of dynamic Web page creation is the Apache Cocoon project Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Dynamic Web Pages: The Future The Apache Cocoon project: Is creating a Web development framework that Allows programmers to query the system using data in XML format Receives output in multiple formats including HTML The content is stored in XML tags which describes the semantics (meaning) of each content item A Java servlet handles the information request A style sheet is applied to the data Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Servers A Server is any computer used to provide files or make applications available to other computers connected to it through a network Server software refers to the programs that run on the server Web Servers are connected to the Internet and serve Web pages (e.g. Apache) Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Servers E-mail Servers handle incoming and outgoing email Database Servers are server computers on which database management software runs Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Client/Server Communication When a Web Client requests a page from a Web server the following occurs The request is converted into HTTP by the browser and sent to the Web Server The Server receives the request and retrieves the information requested by the Client The Server formats the information using HTTP and sends it back to the Client The Client displays the information in the browser Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Client/Server Communication Web pages may take long to appear because each page element requires a separate request/response Constructing a Web Site Cont’d 2/3-Tier Client/Server Architecture The typical Web Client/Server model is two tier because it has one client and one Server In the three-tier Client/Server model the third tier includes Server applications that supply information to the Web Server E.g. a catalog style Web site with search, update and display functions: the catalog database and database management software would make up the third tier Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Server Hardware Web Servers have more memory, faster hard drives and faster processors (or multiple processors) than desktop machines Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Cost A high-end desktop PC with 512MB RAM, 3GHz processor, a 200GB IDE drive, a good monitor and DVD/CD-RW drive cost between US$2000 $4000 (in 2004) A low end Web server might cost the same amount Companies spend between US$6,000 and $400,000 for a Web server Suppliers of these servers include Dell, Gateway and Hewlett Packard Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Server Architectures Server farms refer to large (hundreds, or thousands) of Web servers used to handle daily traffic on large Web sites A Centralised architecture uses a few very large and very fast computers A Distributed/decentralised architecture uses a larger number of less powerful computers Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Server Architectures The Centralised architecture requires Expensive computers Is more susceptible to technical problems If one or a few of the servers are unavailable then a large proportion of the site is unavailable As a result a backup/recovery plan is essential Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Server Architectures The Distributed/decentralised architecture: Spreads the risk over a large number of servers The smaller servers are less expense than larger ones (the cost of 100 smaller servers is usually less that the cost of one large one) Additional hubs and switches are required to link the servers together and to the Internet These sites might also use load-balancing systems which are an additional cost Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Load Balancing Systems3 A load-balancing switch: A piece of network hardware that monitors the workload of servers attached to it Assigns incoming web traffic to the server with the most available capacity at the given time Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Why Load-balance? Allows Highly-Trafficked Sites To Maintain Fast Response Times Server Redundancy - If An Application Server Goes Down, Your Site Stays Up Better Site Performance = Better User Experience = Better Sales Results Readies Your Hosting Configuration For Traffic Growth & Intense Traffic Spikes Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Simple Load-Balancing Traffic enters the site from the Internet through a router (not shown in diagram) This traffic is then directed to the appropriate Web server by the loadbalancing switch www.inetu.com Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Load Balancing Systems Cost Load-balancing switches and software cost between US$10,000 and US$50,000 www.inetu.com Constructing a Web Site Cont’d http://www.madventurer.com/images/photo-building-house-past-project.jpg It should now be clear what hardware and server software is required to construct a Web site In this next section we will discuss the client-side and serverside software used to construct Web sites Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Client-side Technologies Client-side Web technologies include: HTML XML JavaScript VBScript Java Applets Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Server-side Technologies Server-side Web technologies include: Perl/CGI JSP PHP Microsoft ASP Constructing a Web Site Cont’d http://www.madventurer.com/images/photo-building-house-past-project.jpg In addition to the clientside and server-side software that has just been discussed, it is also important to know the ecommerce software that is available to businesses, who either want to host their own Web sites, or want to outsource the hosting function Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Finding and Evaluating Web Hosts When a company takes on the responsibility of hosting their own Web site this is called selfhosting Small and mid-size businesses tend to outsource to a third party, i.e. use a Web hosting service provider These third parties are called Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Commerce Service Providers (CSPs), Managed Service Providers (MSPs) or Application Service Providers (ASPs) Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Finding and Evaluating Web Hosts Cont’d To find a host a company must determine what type of service they require, for example: A shared hosting service where the Client’s Web site is on a server which hosts other Web sites A dedicated hosting service where only the Client is hosted on the Server Or, a co-location service where the Client installs his own hardware and software, and rents a physical space, a reliable power supplier and an Internet connection Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Finding and Evaluating Web Hosts Cont’d A list of Internet service providers can be found on: http://thelist.internet.com http://www.hostindex.com http://www.tophosts.com http://www.hostSearch.com Exercise: use the above sites to find ISPs in North America Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Electronic Commerce Software The software requirement for e-commerce site vary tremendously and are dependent on several factors including: The size of the enterprise and its projected traffic The budget Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Electronic Commerce Software Cont’d All e-commerce solutions must provide at least the following: A catalog display Shopping cart capabilities Transaction processing Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Electronic Commerce Software Cont’d Larger e-commerce site require additional functionality, such as: Middleware that links the company’s existing system (inventory control, order processing and accounting) to the e-commerce system Databases and Applications Supply chain management software Customer relationship management software Content management software Knowledge management software Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Catalog Display This is used to organise the goods being sold Static catalog This is a simple list written in HTML that appears on one or more Web pages To add or delete items from the catalog it is require to edit the HTML pages Dynamic catalog Information is stored in a database May feature photographs of items, detailed descriptions and search facilities Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Catalog Display Cont’d Smaller Web stores selling fewer than 40 items only need a list of products or product categories Images of all the products might be able to fit on the same page Larger stores require More sophisticated navigation, and product organisation tools Also they must often alternative ways of finding products, e.g. product categories as well as a free-text search capabilities, e.g. “stereos” Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Shopping Carts In the earlier years of e-commerce text forms were used to enter orders. These forms were error prone because customers had to: Write down product codes, unit prices and other information about the products before going to the order form Customers also had to write down the price of the item which was often on another page Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Shopping Carts Cont’d Modern shopping carts keep track of the items a customer selects, allowing them to add or remove items, or simply to view the cart All information about the item, including its price and product code are stored in the shopping cart automatically The clicking of a button (e.g. the checkout button) executes the purchase transaction Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Shopping Carts Cont’d Some Web commerce sites allow the storage of items in a shopping cart over a period of days, allowing the user to come back and pay for the items at that time Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Shopping Carts Cont’d Companies that sell shopping cart software include: http://www.salescart.com/ A one off cost of $250-$400 ASP, ASP.Net & PHP http://www.webgenie.com/ Single User license $495 Perl/CGI Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Transaction Processing Transaction processing occurs when the Shopper proceeds to the virtual checkout At this point volume discounts, sales tax and shipping costs are calculated (sales tax and shipping charges must be kept current) These calculations must also include any coupons, special promotions or time sensitive offers (e.g. make a purchase by a given date and get a discount) A secure communication link is subsequently established to transmit payment information Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Middleware Links the e-commerce software to existing system Middleware may be written in-house or bought from middleware vendors or consulting firms The total cost of a middleware implementation can range from $50,000 to millions E.g. of middleware vendors are www.beasys.com and www.broadvision.com Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Databases A database manager stores software in a highly structured way The database structure determine how easy the database manager can retrieve the information stored in the database Smaller e-commerce sites can use low cost databases such as Microsoft Access Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Databases Cont’d Larger e-commerce sites require more expensive data management software such as: IBM DB2 Microsoft SQL Server Oracle These packages cost between US$5,000 and US$200,000 Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Databases Cont’d An increasing number of companies and organisations are beginning to use MySQL which is open source software Customers pay for service support if required Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Application Integration Application programs perform specific functions, e.g. creates invoices An application server receives its input from Web servers which in turn is supplied by the user The function of the application software is dictated by the rules of the business; this is called business logic Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Application Servers Application servers are divided into two groups: Page-based application systems which return pages generated by scripts containing rules for presenting the data Examples include Macromedia ColdFusion, Java Server Pages (JSP), Active Server pages (ASP) and PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) This technology works well for small to mid size sites Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Application Servers Cont’d Component-based application systems separate the presentation logic from the business logic. Each logical component is created in a separate module E.g. Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs), Microsoft Component Object Model (COM) and Object Management Group Common Object Request Broker Architecture (COBRA) Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Services An accepted definition is not yet available However it is a combination of software tools that allow application software in one organisation to speak to application software in another organisation over a network Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Web Services Cont’d E.g. a mortgage application service company obtaining information from consumers forwarding the information to a Building Society for a mortgage decision decision is relayed back to the service company These services use XML Constructing a Web Site Cont’d E-Commerce Software for Small to Mid-Size EBusinesses E-commerce software for small to mid-size business is typically provided by commerce service providers (CSP) CSP have the advantage of Offering free or low-cost e-commerce site building software Cost typically less than US$20 month Constructing a Web Site Cont’d E-Commerce Software for Small to MidSize E-Businesses Cont’d Service appropriate for small businesses selling no more than 50 items Transaction volumes of fewer than 20 a day E.g. ValueWeb hosts over 180,000 Web site for over 130 countries Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Mall-style CSP Provide small businesses with: An Internet connection Web site creation tools Little or no banner advertising clutter Shopping cart software, and payment processing The monthly fee is higher than lower-end providers (therefore less ads) May charge a one-time setup fee Percentage or fixed charge for every transaction Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Mall-style CSP Cont’d Examples include eBay Stores and Yahoo! Stores Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Estimating Operating Costs For Small Web Business Using ISP The first year cost (in US dollars) for Web businesses that sell less than 50 different items Initial site setup fee Annual maintenance Domain name registration Scanner or digital camera Photo editing software Occasional HTML design help Merchant credit card setup Total first year cost $200 $1200 $70 $500 $100 $400 $200 $2670 Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Cost of Self Hosting a Site for a Small Business Setup and Web site maintenance includes Equipment: (server and network gear) one time cost of US$3000 - $20000 Communication: T1 or fractional T1 cost US$1200 US$12,000 per year Physical location: (e.g. room security, air conditioning and communication access) cost $5,000 a year Staff: minimum cost US$50,000 - US$100,000 annually Total cost US$60,000 - US$100,000 or more for the first year, and about the same in subsequent years Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Cost of Self Hosting a Site for a MediumSize and Large Business The startup cost is US$100,000 US$500,000 Recurring annual cost of 50% this amount Large businesses spend US$1 million US$50 million to launch, with 50% recurring annual cost Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Software Tools For Medium-Size to Large EBusinesses The software tools for midsize to large businesses include: Macromedia Dreamweaver Microsoft FrontPage Visual Studio .Net – for dynamic pages Shopping carts, content management software Middleware Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Software Tools For Medium-Size to Large EBusinesses Cont’d Buying and using mid-range e-commerce software has an annual cost of US$2,000 US$50,000 Offers connectivity to database systems Provides connections to existing inventory control software E,g, IBM Websphere Commerce Professional Edition (cost US$80,000 per processor) Constructing a Web Site Cont’d E-Commerce Software for Large Businesses Higher transaction loads required Software cost much more Extensive support for B2B commerce Requires several dedicated computers, Web server systems and firewalls E.g. IBM WebSphere Commerce Business Edition Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Customer Relationship Management The goal is to understand the customer’s specific needs and customise the product to suit them A customer whose needs are being met exactly is willing to pay more for goods or services Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Customer Relationship Management Cont’d CRM software requires input from Sales automation Customer service centre operation Marketing campaigns Customer activity data from the Web site This helps managers to: Gather business intelligence Plan marketing strategy Perform customer behaviour modelling Product and service customisation Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Customer Relationship Management Cont’d E.g. Siebel Systems; price starts at around US$200,000; an average of about US$5,000 per user Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Supply Chain Management Helps to coordinate planning and operations with industry partners SCM software helps with Planning: helps companies develop coordinated demand forecast using information from partners Execution: helps with warehousing and transportation management E.g. i2 Technologies. A wholesaler with 3-4 distribution Centres might have to pay US$1 million for the SCM software Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Content Management Software Used to update or maintain Web site content Allows control of large amount of text, graphics and media files E.g. Documentum which cost between US$200,000 - $500,000 Constructing a Web Site Cont’d Knowledge Management Software Helps companies to Collect and organise information Share information among users Enhance the ability of users to collaborate Retain knowledge gained to be used by future users E.g. IBM Lotus Discovery Server KM software can cost between US$50,000 to US$1 million or more Evaluating Web Sites4 The Internet provides a rich source of information, however http://www.class.uidaho.edu/psyc218/images/evaluate.jpg Although it is tempting to think that everything is on the Internet, it is not There are many Web sites with inaccurate, confusing and misleading information Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Since there is no editor in charge of the Internet it is necessary to evaluate Web sites before using the information on them Many criteria have been suggested in the literature for the evaluation of the credibility of an Internet source Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d However the criteria that this course will adopt are: Authority Accuracy Objectivity Currency Coverage Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Authority Authority is concerned with the credentials of the author of the information Who has created the Web page content? Is there any author contact information? What degrees or experience does the author have? These questions help to determine whether the author is a reliable source or even an expert in the subject area Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Accuracy This is concerned with the accuracy of the information contained in the Web site Can any of the facts be verified against another source? Are there spelling or grammatical errors (since this helps to indicate whether the author took care in writing the material)? Is there a person or body responsible for the accuracy of the information (e.g. the Publishers of a Journal do blind peer reviews)? Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Objectivity This is an attempt to determine whether the information is objective or biased Does the author have a clear point of view? Is the site run by Government, a University or a business trying to sell a product? Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Currency This is concerned with the publication date of the article On Web sites this is not always clear Information that is updated regularly is more likely to be useful as references for research papers Web sites with links that go nowhere (i.e. dead links) often indicate that it has been abandoned or that the information is simply not up to date Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Coverage This is concerned with whether information about a given topic is covered in-depth Shorter articles, which are most common on the Internet, tend not to have the depth of information required for research papers Articles for bibliographies or a list of references provide a valuable source of additional articles that can be used Evaluating Web Sites Cont’d Typically, the order of importance of sources are: Peer-reviewed Journals Peer-reviewed conference proceedings .gov, .edu sites (run by the government and Universities) .org, .com, .net sites (run by individuals or companies) Web Site Usability5,9,10,11 “From whence we came” Early Web sites simply provided information and often did not include e-mail addresses; those who did did not have enough staff to respond to the email Web Site Usability Cont’d A visitor should be given access to the: organisation’s history, A statement of objectives/mission statement Information about products or services A way to communicate with the organisation Every visitor to a Web site is a potential customer It is difficult to meet all the needs of visitors Web Site Usability Cont’d Some of the motivations of visitors include: Learning about products and services Buying products or services Obtaining general company information Identification of the management team and their contact information Obtaining company financial information in order to make investment decisions Web Site Usability Cont’d Meeting Visitors Needs To meet the needs of Web site visitors you must consider: The expectation level and experience when they enter your site The communication channel used to connect and the bandwidth The web browser used The add-ins available for the browser being used Web Site Usability Cont’d Build Flexible Web sites Separate version with and without frames Text-only versions (for visually impaired people who use special browser software) Give users the option to download smaller versions of graphics If audio or video clips included, give user the option to select the connection type (so that adjustments may be made for bandwidth) Web Site Usability Cont’d Build Flexible Web sites Cont’d Let users select the level of detail, viewing format and download format Offer visitors multiple information formats (e.g. HTML, PDF or Excel spreadsheet for financial data) Web Site Usability Cont’d Macromedia Flash There has been some controversy surrounding the use of Macromedia Flash: The files (which are not rendered in HTML) take a long time to download, especially if you do not have a broadband connection Few major e-commerce sites use these type of animated graphics pages Web Site Usability Cont’d Macromedia Flash Cont’d Some tasks however do lend themselves to animation (e.g. pants fitting at http://www.leefit.com/) One solution is to offer Flash or non-Flash pages Web Site Usability Cont’d Web Site Design Goals A Web site developer should try to meet the following goals: Provide easily accessible organisational information Provide a two-way communication link with the organisation Encourage return visitors (e.g. announce upcoming content) and keep the attention of existing visitors Provide full access to products and services Web Site Usability Cont’d Customer Trust and Loyalty Customer trust/loyalty translates to return visits A customer that purchases a product from a business and gets good service will begin to trust the business. Multiple good experiences leads to loyalty A 5% increase in customer loyalty can yield 25-80% profit Web Site Usability Cont’d Customer Trust and Loyalty Customer service on E-commerce sites Research indicates a rating between average to low There is often a lack of integration between the call centres and the Web site E-mail responsiveness is also an issue (slow or no replies to emails) Web Site Usability Cont’d Usability Testing Companies are only now performing usability testing on their Web sites Average e-commerce sites frustrate up to 70% of their users (resulting in the user leaving the site without purchasing anything) Sites are confusing or difficult to use In many cases simple changes can improve the usability of the site (See http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/ and http://www.useit.com/alertbox/ for further details) Web Site Usability Cont’d Customer-centric Web Design The following guidelines serve to meet the needs of the customer (as opposed to any Web site visitor): Arrange links in the way that a customer would use them It should be possible to access information quickly Keep product and service descriptions simple, do not over sell by including a lot of marketing Keep the language simple and jargon free Web Site Usability Cont’d Customer-centric Web Design Cont’d The Web site should work with the oldest browser, running on the oldest computer at the lowest bandwidth This might mean several different versions of the Web site are required (what about the cost of updating content?) Label all navigational aids clearly Test text visibility on smaller monitors Web Site Usability Cont’d Customer-centric Web Design Cont’d Choose colour combinations that would not impair the vision of colour-blind visitors Test the usability of your site using potential users Always ensure that enough information has been provided for the customer otherwise they will go elsewhere. Web Site Usability Cont’d Web site Response Times 9,10,11 The required response time for hypertext navigation is one second, therefore your Web pages should be no more than 3KB (assuming a 28.8kbps modem which most users have). The above limitation rules out most graphics Web Site Usability Cont’d Three Important Response Times The basic advice on response times are: 0.1 seconds for a user to feel that a system is instantaneous 1.0 seconds for the user’s thought to remain uninterrupted 10 seconds for keeping a users attention Generally, the response time should be as fast as possible Web Site Usability Cont’d Continuous Feedback When an immediate response is not possible continuous feedback should be provided Myers11 suggests a percentage completed indicator, if the operation takes more than 10 seconds, which has three advantages: It assure the user that the system has not crashed It indicates how long the user has to wait It provides the user with something to look at, which makes the wait less painful (for this reason a graphic progress bar is far better than text) Web Site Usability Cont’d Continuous Feedback Cont’d When the amount of work to be done by an operation is unknown a percentage completed indicator might be inappropriate In this case a number of progress indicators are still available: If an operation has a defined set of steps, these steps could be displayed as they are started and completed As a last resort progress indicator, such as dots printed on a status line or a spinning ball could be used – which indicates that the system is working Web Site Usability Cont’d Continuous Feedback Cont’d For operations that complete within 2 – 10 seconds a percentage done indicator is unnecessary10 Building a Web Site In this section you will learn how to: Create Web pages using XHTML 1.0 http://www.madventurer.com/images/photo-building-house-past-project.jpg Building a Web Site Cont’d A Web site comprises of a set of Web pages Each Web page is coded in a markup language called the Hypertext Markup Language1 (HTML) (often in association with other scripting languages) HTML is the language used for creating hypertext documents on the World Wide Web (WWW) Building a Web Site Cont’d HTML is used to format text and information HTML files are simply text files (with a .html or .htm extension) that contain a variety of elements called tags Elements (delineated by tags) are used to markup text (e.g. <B>Bold</B> makes text bold) and browsers are responsible for rendering (displaying) this text Building a Web Site Cont’d HTML is platform independent HTML was implemented using the Standard Generalized Markup Language1,2 (SGML) Several versions of HTML have been created; the latest are HTML 4.01 and XHTML 2.0 XHTML extends HTML and reformulates it into XML XML is the Extensible Markup Language which is also implemented using SGML Building a Web Site Cont’d The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is responsible for maintaining the HTML recommendations W3C can be found at http://www.w3c.org Building a Web Site Cont’d Standard Generalized Markup Language1,2 or SGML (http://www.webreference.com/dlab/books/html/3-0.html) Is a business standard for data storage and interchange Is an international standard for text information processing Provides distribution, search and retrieval of electronically stored text Is platform independent Building a Web Site Cont’d SGML was made to allow: The structure of each document was defined in a file called the document type definition (DTD) the structuring of data The formatting of data using a style sheet Separation of presentation and validation A parser (software capable of analysing document syntax and structure) is subsequently used to validate the document without processing it Building a Web Site Cont’d Typically a strict XHTML 1.01 document contains: Elements The DOCTYPE element One root element, i.e. HTML A HEAD element A BODY element May contain the META, SCRIPT and TITLE elements, among others Contains block formatting and character formatting elements Attributes Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements Elements are delimited by tags, e.g. the body element which is delimited by the <body> and </body> tags These elements are simply containers An element contains a string of characters and nested elements Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements Element names are case sensitive, and must be specified as lower-case All elements must be closed, e.g. <b>This is bold</b> Even the <br>, <hr> and <img> tags which did not have to be closed in earlier versions of HTML E.g. <br></br> or <br /> Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements Some elements can not contain nested elements, such as line break <br /> Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements Elements may be classified into three groups: Document type Comment Structure Note that the document type and comment elements are SGML commands, therefore must begin and end with “<!” and “>”, respectively Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements In XHTML 1.0 a document type (DOCTYPE) element must be specified before any other tag The only exception to this rule is the comment (or <xml> tags) which may appear before the DOCTYPE element The DOCTYPE element specifies that the document conforms to SGML and the defined document type definition (DTD) Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements But what is a DTD?1 It is a description of a markup language It is a text document (e.g. html.dtd for the HTML DTD) that contains formal definitions of all the data elements of a given markup language (e.g. HTML, SGML or XML) Therefore it provides rules for tags and attributes A document containing elements can then be checked against a DTD to determine if it is valid Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements The DOCTYPE definition that we will use for our documents is Strict XHTML 1.0: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/ xhtml1-strict.dtd”> Any given XHTML 1.0 document can then be validated using the validator tool at http://validator.w3.org Building a Web Site Cont’d Elements The Comment is also an SGML declaration and is opened with the characters “<!” and terminated with “>” The actual Comment element therefore starts with “--” and includes all text up to the next “--” E.g. <!-- This is a comment --> The structural elements are the remaining elements that make up the heart of HTML, e.g. tags such as <b> and <table> Building a Web Site Cont’d Attributes Attributes are supplied by the HTML author and allow changes to a characteristic of the element Attributes are placed inside the start tag of an element and consist of a name/value pair e.g. <img src=“newImage.jpg” alt=“An image of a dog” /> src and newImage.jpg are the attribute and value, respectively Building a Web Site Cont’d Attributes Attribute names are case-sensitive and must be specified in lower-case All attribute values must be quoted, either with single or double quotes, e.g. <img src=“smile.jpg” alt=“A smiling icon” /> Or <img src=‘smile.jpg’ alt=‘A smiling icon’ /> Or <img src=‘smile.jpg’ alt=“A smiling icon” /> Building a Web Site Cont’d Tags Tags specify the start and end of elements Tags are delimited by the symbols “<“ and “>”, e.g. the bold tag <b> In XHTML 1.0 there is always an opening and closing tag Building a Web Site Cont’d Character Sets ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is an 8-bit (1 byte) character encoding based on the English alphabet First published as a standard in 1967 UTF-8 is a variable length character encoding for Unicode and represents a single character in one to four bytes The initial encoding for UTF-8 corresponds with ASCII, making this character set popular See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8 Building a Web Site Cont’d Character Sets The character encoding that will be used in our XHTML 1.0 documents is the UTF-8, which may be defined using the following META element: <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> The META element must be placed within the HEAD element Building a Simple Web Page Let us begin by building the simple Web page illustrated on the left. It displays: the message “Welcome World!” in bold text a list of things that will be appearing on the Web page An image of the person who built the page Remember that a Web page is just a text document with an extension of .html (or .htm) so we can use Microsoft Notepad (or any text editor) to create it Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The first line in any HTML document should be a comment or the DOCTYPE element (or the <xml> tag) We will use a comment so that the author of the Web site and what it does can be documented The format of the comment element is illustrated below: Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Comment Function An XHTML 1.0 Code Example Places a comment in an HTML document <!–- This is an example of a comment --> Things to Note A comment may extend over several lines Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The next thing to include is the DOCTYPE element for Strict XHTML 1.0 Next we include the <html> tag which simply indicates that this is an HTML document Remember that the <html> tag has a closing tag, </html> Note the use of the forward slash character “/” rather than the black slash “\” in the closing tag Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d All HTML document should have a head element and body element The opening and closing tags for the head element are <head> and </head> respectively The head element specifies: the title of the page, which appears at the top of the browser window The character set to use Among other things Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The format of the title element is simply: The opening tag <title> The actual title text, in our case “My first page” The closing tag </title> We can specify the UTF-8 character set using the META element: <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d What needs to be added now is the body element whose opening and closing tags are <body> and </body>, respectively Within our body element we will display: The Welcome World! header A list of things that will appear on our site A photograph of the author of the Web page Let us begin by writing the HTML code for the “Welcome World!” header Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d XHTML 1.0 allows six headers, <h1> through <h6> to be used in documents The <h1> header is the largest of these headers and will be the one that we will use in our simple HTML example The syntax of the <h1> header is described below Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Headers Function Define headers An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <h1>Chapter 1</h1> <h2>1. An Introduction</h2> <h3>1.1 Literature Review</h3> Things to Note Headers <h1> through <h6> exist <h1> is the largest header <h6> is the smallest header One of the parent elements can be the BODY element Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The HTML code for our Welcome World! header will therefore look like this: <h1>Welcome World!</h1> Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The next thing we need to do is to include our list We could have either used an ordered list (the <ol> tag, a numbered list) or an unordered one (the <ul> tag, a bulleted list) to accomplish this However, the unordered list was chosen Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The list items that we want to include on our page are: The names of my friends The phone numbers of my friends Photographs of my friends In order to do this, two HTML tags are be required, <ul> and <li> The syntax of these tags is described below: Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Unordered Lists Function Creates a bulleted list of items Example HTML code <ul> <li>This is the first item</li> <li>This is the second item</li> </ul> Things to Note An unlimited number of list items (<li>) may be included Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Our list will therefore look like this: <div>The list of things that will appear on this Web page are:</div> <ul> <li>The names of my friends</li> <li>The phone numbers of my friends</li> <li>Photographs of my friends</li> </ul> Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Notice that the text that appeared before the list was placed in <div> tags. The DIV element simply allows us to specify a division in an XHTML 1.0 document the text could not be placed directly within the BODY element It had to be embedded within an element that can be a child of the BODY element, such as the DIV element The syntax of the DIV element is described below Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Division Function Specifies a document section/division An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <div>This is a section in a document</div> Things to Note Unlike the PARAGRAPH element a blank line does not appear immediately after a division A line break is placed before and after a division in most browsers Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Division Things to Note (Cont’d) A <div> tag may contain <p> tags, and header elements, i.e. <h1> to <h6> For a list of the parents and children of this tag go to: http://www.zvon.org/xxl/xhtmlReference/Out put/index.html Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Finally we need to insert the image of the author Where can we get an image from? There are a number of ways to get images including: Scanning a photograph using a digital scanner Taking a picture using a digital camera Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d For Web sites there are two main image formats (a new format called PNG is also starting to become popular). These are: .GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) images which are 8-bit colour images This means that the image may have up to 28 =256 different colours .JPG (short for .JPEG, Joint Photographic Experts Group) which are 24-bit colour images May have up to 224 different colours Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Let us assume that we captured our image using a digital camera and it is called clown.jpg We now need to use the IMG element to display this image on our Web page Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Images Function Displays an image An XHTML 1.0 code Example <img src=“photo.jpg” alt=“My picture” /> Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Images Attributes Alt – defines a short description of the image Height – specifies the height of the image Width – specifies the width of the image An HTML Code Example Using These Attributes <img src=“photo.jpg” height=“50” width=“40” alt=“Photograph” /> Resizes the image to 40x50 Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d Images Things to Note The alt attribute is required Specifying the height and width of the image helps to ensure that the layout of the page is not affected even when the image has not yet loaded This element has several other attributes (see http://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_img.asp for a complete list) Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d The following HTML code displays our image: <img src=‘clown.jpg’ height = “106” width=“84” /> Note that since our image is actually 84x106 no image resizing is required Our completed page look like: Building a Simple Web Page Cont’d <!-File: Description: Author: Date: firstPage.html Displays "Welcome World", followed by a list and an image Paul Walcott 28/11/06 --> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>My first page</title> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome World!</h1> Welcome world! header <div>The list of things that will appear on this Web page are:</div> <ul> <li>The names of my friends</li> <li>The phone numbers of my friends</li> <li>Photographs of my friends</li> </ul> The lists of things on my site <div><img src="images/clown.jpg" alt="A picture of Mr. Clown" height="106" width="84" /></div> </body> </html> The Photo of Mr. Clown Constructing Web Pages So far we have only constructed a simple Web page In order to construct a more complicated Web page we need to learn some more XHTML elements. In this section we will look at: <b>, <strong>, <i>, <em>, <p>, <pre>, <hr>, <a>, <table> Also see the following Web sites: http://www.zvon.org/xxl/xhtmlReference/Output/index.html http://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asp Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Bold Function Renders as bold text An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <div><b>This text is bold</b></div> Things to Note Although this is valid XHTML 1.0 you should really use styles sheets instead Most browsers will render the <strong> tag in bold anyway The BOLD element is not a child of the BODY element – it is a child of DIV though Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Strong Function Renders as strong emphasised text An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <div><strong>This is strong text</strong></div> Things to Note Most browsers will render the <strong> tag in bold The STRONG element is not a child of the BODY element – it is a child of DIV though Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Italics Function Renders as italics text An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <div><i>This text is in italics</i></div> Things to Note Although this is valid XHTML 1.0 you should really use styles sheets instead Most browsers will render the <em> tag (emphasise) in italics anyway The ITALICS element is not a child of the BODY element – it is a child of DIV though Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Emphasise Function Emphasises text An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <div><em>This text is emphasised</em></div> Things to Note Most browsers will render this tag as italics The EMPHASISE element is not a child of the BODY element – it is a child of DIV though Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Paragraph Function Specifies a paragraph An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <p>This is a paragraph</p> Things to Note This element is separated from other elements by a vertical break Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) PreFormat Function Specifies pre-formatted text An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <pre>This text is on the first line This text is on the second line and, this text is on the third line </pre> Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) PreFormat Things to Note Line breaks and spaces embedded in text with <pre> tags are normally preserved A fixed pitch font is normally used Is a child of the <body> tag Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Horizontal Rule Function Inserts a horizontal rule/line An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <hr /> Things to Note This tag must be closed Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Anchor Tag Function Defines an anchor; creates a bookmark within a document or a hyperlink to another document An XHTML 1.0 Code Example <a id=“section1”>Section 1</a> … <a href=“#section1”>Link to Section 1</a> <a href=“http://www.google.com”>Go to Google</a> Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Tables Function Creates a table An XHTML Code Example <table border =“1” cellspacing=“0” cellpadding =“0”> <tr> <td>row 1, col 1</td> <td>row 1, col 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>row 2, col 1</td> <td>row 2, col 2</td> </tr> </table> Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Tables Things to note Tables may be nested The table element is a child of the body element Optional attributes for the <table> tag Cellspacing – specifies the spacing in pixels between adjacent cells Cellpading – specifies the spacing in pixels between the contents of a cell and the cell border Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Tables Optional attributes for the <table> tag (Cont’d) Width – sets the width of the table The width of a cell may be expressed as a number of pixels or a % of the screen’s width Border – specifies the size of the border in pixels, a value of 0 means that there is no border Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Tables Attributes for the <td> tag Rowspan – allows cells in adjacent rows to be merged Colspan – allows cells in adjacent columns to be merged Valign – sets the vertical alignment of the cell Align – sets the horizontal alignment of the cell contents Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Since tables are so important (they are widely used on the Web today) it is important to get a good grasp of them We will achieve this through an extensive set of examples Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) In our first example a simple table without a border is created Notice how we use indentation in the XHTML code to make it easier to distinguish between the rows and the columns On our screenshot the code is in the left window, while the rendered XHTML is in the right window Note some elements, e.g. DOCTYPE have been removed in order to simplify the code Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) In our next example, we use the border attribute of the <table> tag to give the table a border Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) In our next example we increase the number of pixels between the contents of the cell and the cell border This is achieved using the cellpadding attribute of the <table> tag Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) In our next example we increase the number of pixels between adjacent cells This is achieved using the cellspacing attribute of the <table> tag Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Sometimes we want a cell in a table to span more than one cell This is achieved through the colspan attribute which merges adjacent horizontal cells The value of this attribute is set to the number of cells that need to be merged See the example Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) We can set the horizontal alignment of the contents of a cell through the use of the align attribute as shown in our next illustration Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Not only can we merge cells horizontal, we can also do it vertically This can be seen in our next example Notice the use of the rowspan attribute In addition this example demonstrates how vertical align is achieved through the use of the valign attribute Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) If you need to change the height or width of a cell you should use cascading style sheets An interesting side-effect occurs when a given cell is left blank the given cell will not have a border To solve this problem simply add a nonbreaking space (i.e. ) Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Special Characters In HTML special characters, called character entities, are represented in two possible ways: &code; &#number; A list of some of the popular special characters have been presented below Constructing Web Pages (Cont’d) Code < > ¼ & or & " © ' Special Character A non-breaking space < > ¼ & “ © ‘ Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d A cascading style sheet (CSS) allows the size and style of fonts to be set for elements within an HTML document By defining styles in a single location (i.e. a style sheet) any changes that need to be made to the style subsequently is easily achieved Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d Two versions of cascading style sheets are maintained by W3 (http://www.w3.org): CSS1 (http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1) CSS2 (http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2) CSS3 is still in a draft form (http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-roadmap/) Internet Explorer now supports CSS2 See http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/ to determine the browsers that are supported Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d The CSS1 specification includes font, border, background, margin, link and list styles These styles can be embedded in a page or in an external style sheet The style can be applied to a single or group of tags Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d “CSS2 supports media-specific style sheets so that authors may tailor the presentation of their documents to visual browsers, aural devices, printers, braille devices, handheld devices, etc. This specification also supports content positioning, downloadable fonts, table layout, features for internationalization, automatic counters and numbering, and some properties related to user interface. “ (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/) Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d Embedded Style Sheets The tags required for embedded style sheets are <style> … </style> To ensure that the style sheet loads before the page’s body it is included in the <head> … </head> tags The STYLE element also requires a TYPE attribute of “text/css” Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d Embedded Style Sheets Example <style type=“text/css”> #blue { color : blue} </style> Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d External Style Sheets The tag required for external style sheets is <link /> To ensure that the style sheet loads before the page’s body it is included in the <head> … </head> tags The LINK element also requires a TYPE attribute of “text/css” Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d External Style Sheets Example <link type=“text/css” rel=“stylesheet” href=“style.css” /> And in a file called style.css the following is defined: #blue { color : blue} Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d The CSS1 specification has several properties including the background and color properties These set the background and text colours, respectively, for a number of HTML tags including <body>, <table>, <tr>, <td>, <th>, <h1>, <p> and <pre> Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d The value associated with the background and color properties are: A recognised colour name e.g. blue A set of hexadecimal numbers in the format #RRGGBB, e.g. #0000FF for blue, or A set of decimal number in the format rgb (0…255, 0…255, 0…255), e.g. rgb(0,0,255) for blue Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d There are three ways that a given style may be associated with an HTML element (or group of elements): Using generic styles ID Class Using tag specific styles When creating new XHTML document the Class style should only be used for backwards compatibility Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d The format of the generic ID style is: #Name1 {property1 : value1; … propertyn : valuen} And is used by an element, e.g. the Header element in the following way: <h1 id=“Name1”>Header</h1> Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d The format of the generic Class style is: .Name2 {property1 : value1; … propertyn : valuen} And is used by an element, e.g. the Header element in the following way: <h1 class=“Name2”>Header</h1> Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d The format of tag specific styles is: tagname {property1 : value1; … propertyn : valuen} For example p {color : blue} which sets the text in all paragraphs to blue Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d Let us look at a simple example. In this example two styles are created one using the CLASS attribute that creates a 14pt, red Serif font with a yellow background style and the other using the ID attribute that creates a 10pt green Arial font with a white background style And a style is also associated with the division element The style sets the text colour to blue Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d <html> <head> <style type="text/css"> <!-#newsheading {color : red; background: yellow; font-family : "Serif"; font-size : 14pt} .comicTitle { color : green; background : white; font-family : "Arial"; font-size : 18pt} div { color : blue } --> </style> </head> <body> <div>Election results <h1 id="newsHeading">Poll Results are in!</h1> <h1 class="ComicTitle">Poll Results are in!</h1> </div> </body> </html> Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d Cascading Style Sheets Cont’d Note that it is recommended that you use external rather that embedded style sheets References [1] Darnell, Rick, et al., “HTML4: Unleased”, Sams.net Publishing, First Edition, 1997 [2] Zhao, Jensen J., “Web design and development for e-business”, Prentice Hall, 2003 [3] INetU, “Load Balancing”, 2004. Online document available at www.inetu.net/services/loadbalancing.php [4] Burrell, Carolyn, Hingley, Chris, “Evaluating Business Web Sites”, 2002. Online document available at http://avconline.avc.edu/library/Distance_Ed/Business/eval_business_web_sites.htm [5] Nielsen, Jakob, “Flash: 99% Bad”, Alertbox, Oct. 2000. Online document available at http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20001029.html [6] Schneider, Gary, P., “Electronic Commerce: The second wave”, Thomson Course Technology, Fifth Annual Edition, 2004 [7] W3C, “HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Home Page”, 2004. Online document available at http://www.w3c.org/MarkUp/ [8] Deitel, H., Deitel, P., Nieto, Frank, L., Lin, Ted, M., Sadhu, Praveen, “XML: How to Program”, PrenticeHall Inc., 2001 References [9] Jakob Nielsen, “Why this site has almost no graphics”, 2005. Online document available at http://www.useit.com/about/nographics.html [10] Jakob Nielsen, “Response Times: The Three Important Limits”, 1994. Online document available at http://www.useit.com/papers/responsetime.html [11] Myers, B. A., “The importance of percent-done progress indicators for computer-human interfaces.”, Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14-18 April), 1985, 11-17