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Agenda • Review – – – – Monaghan & Just Podolefsky & Brown Films Mapping M&J M&J • By this point we have a good understanding of the first half of our Introductory text. M&J • By this point we have a good understanding of the first half of our Introductory text. • Chapter One focused on the primary method of cultural anthropologists. M&J • By this point we have a good understanding of the first half of our Introductory text. • Chapter One focused on the primary method of cultural anthropologists. • Chapter Two focused on culture. M&J • By this point we have a good understanding of the first half of our Introductory text. • Chapter One focused on the primary method of cultural anthropologists. • Chapter Two focused on culture. • Chapter Three focused on society. M&J M&J • We discussed definitions of key vocabulary. M&J • We discussed definitions of key vocabulary. • We applied our knowledge of these terms by identifying and discussing examples from the film, “Promises.” M&J • We discussed definitions of key vocabulary. • We applied our knowledge of these terms by identifying and discussing examples from the film, “Promises.” • I will quickly run through these terms for the sake of review… because we have already discussed them in some detail, you should save your questions for office hours. fieldwork fieldwork • The hallmark of research in cultural anthropology, it usually involves long-term residence with the people being studied. ethnography ethnography • The intensive and systematic description of a particular society; ethnographic information is usually collected through the method of long-term participant-observation fieldwork. colonialism colonialism • The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time. participant observation participant observation • The primary research method of cultural anthropology, involving long-term observations conducted in natural settings. serendipitous discovery serendipitous discovery • Unexpected, unplanned discovery. serendipitous discovery • Unexpected, unplanned discovery. • See Monaghan & Just, p. 19 for details. methodological, ethical, epistemological issues methodological, ethical, epistemological issues • The ethnographic method contains many potential pitfalls. methodological, ethical, epistemological issues • The ethnographic method contains many potential pitfalls. • Some of these pitfalls are epistemological in nature, and some are ethical in nature. methodological, ethical, epistemological issues • The ethnographic method contains many potential pitfalls. • Some of these pitfalls are epistemological in nature, and some are ethical in nature. • See Monaghan & Just, pp. 25-33 for further details and specific examples. ethnocentrism ethnocentrism • The assumption that one’s own group’s lifestyle, values, and patterns of adaptation are superior to all others. emic emic • The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance. etic etic • The research strategy that emphasizes the observer’s rather than the natives’ explanations, categories, and criteria of significance. temporal/spatial context temporal/spatial context • Historical details that locate an ethnography within time and space. temporal/spatial context • Historical details that locate an ethnography within time and space. • See Monaghan & Just, pp. 25-26 for more details. temporal/spatial isolation temporal/spatial isolation • The lack of temporal/spatial context. acquired characteristics acquired characteristics • Any aspect of an individual that has not been inherited through biological means. acquired characteristics • Any aspect of an individual that has not been inherited through biological means. • See Monaghan & Just, pp. 34-35 for further details, specific examples, and discussion of the importance of this concept within cultural anthropology. psychophysics psychophysics • A field of study that focused on the study of how the characteristics of the observer determined the perception of physical phenomena. psychophysics • A field of study that focused on the study of how the characteristics of the observer determined the perception of physical phenomena. • See Monaghan & Just, pp. 36-37. classification/social categories/contestation classification/social categories/contestation • Classification is the labeling and valuejudging of different categories. classification/social categories/contestation • Classification is the labeling and valuejudging of different categories. • Social categories result from the classification of people within a society. classification/social categories/contestation • Classification is the labeling and valuejudging of different categories. • Social categories result from the classification of people within a society. • Contestation is a means of resisting the authorities who name the social categories. classification/social categories/contestation • Classification is the labeling and valuejudging of different categories. • Social categories result from the classification of people within a society. • Contestation is a means of resisting the authorities who name the social categories. • See Monaghan & Just, pp. 42-43 for details. ethnic group ethnic group • A group of people within larger society with a distinct cultural or historical identity; ethnicity is a common mechanism of social separation in complex, heterogeneous societies. manifest function manifest function • The reasons that natives offer for a custom. latent function latent function • A custom’s underlying function, often unperceived by natives. socialization socialization • The development, through the influence of parents and others, of patterns of thought and behavior in children that conform to beliefs and values of a particular culture. cross-cultural cross-cultural • A standard form of anthropological analysis using the comparison of traditions and practices from different societies; crosscultural research explores cultural variations by using ethnographic data from many societies. total institution total institution • An organization that governs almost every facet of a person’s life. total institution • An organization that governs almost every facet of a person’s life. • See Monaghan & Just, pp. 62-63 for details. dualistic expectations dualistic expectations • Preconceived notions that precipitate categorization of societies or peoples strictly in terms of binary opposition. dualistic expectations • Preconceived notions that precipitate categorization of societies or peoples strictly in terms of binary opposition. • See Monaghan & Just, p. 68. P&B P&B • We have not discussed this text very thoroughly, but we have already covered the basics for two of its main themes: P&B • We have not discussed this text very thoroughly, but we have already covered the basics for two of its main themes: – Fieldwork P&B • We have not discussed this text very thoroughly, but we have already covered the basics for two of its main themes: – Fieldwork – Culture P&B • We have not discussed this text very thoroughly, but we have already covered the basics for two of its main themes: – Fieldwork – Culture • What remains to be done is to situate the individual case studies from the reader within the framework that we have already created. Culture & Fieldwork Culture & Fieldwork • Body Ritual Among the Nacerima by Horace Miller Culture & Fieldwork • Body Ritual Among the Nacerima by Horace Miller • Slumber’s Unexplored Landscape by Bruce Bower Culture & Fieldwork • Body Ritual Among the Nacerima by Horace Miller • Slumber’s Unexplored Landscape by Bruce Bower • Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS by Claire E. Sterk Culture & Fieldwork • Body Ritual Among the Nacerima by Horace Miller • Slumber’s Unexplored Landscape by Bruce Bower • Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS by Claire E. Sterk • Crack in Spanish Harlem by Philippe Bourgois Culture & Fieldwork • Body Ritual Among the Nacerima by Horace Miller • Slumber’s Unexplored Landscape by Bruce Bower • Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS by Claire E. Sterk • Crack in Spanish Harlem by Philippe Bourgois • Corporate Anthropologists by Jennifer J. Laabs Culture & Communication Culture & Communication • Shakespeare in the Bush by Laura Bohannan Culture & Communication • Shakespeare in the Bush by Laura Bohannan • To Give Up on Words: Silence in Western Apache Culture by Keith H. Basso Culture & Communication • Shakespeare in the Bush by Laura Bohannan • To Give Up on Words: Silence in Western Apache Culture by Keith H. Basso • A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication by Daniel N. Maltz and Ruth Borker Culture & Communication • Shakespeare in the Bush by Laura Bohannan • To Give Up on Words: Silence in Western Apache Culture by Keith H. Basso • A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication by Daniel N. Maltz and Ruth Borker • Suite for Ebony and Phonics by John R. Rickford Culture & Food Culture & Food • Ancient Bodies, Modern Customs, and Our Health by Elizabeth D. Whitaker Culture & Food • Ancient Bodies, Modern Customs, and Our Health by Elizabeth D. Whitaker • Chinese Table Manners: You are How you Eat by Eugene Cooper Culture & Food • Ancient Bodies, Modern Customs, and Our Health by Elizabeth D. Whitaker • Chinese Table Manners: You are How you Eat by Eugene Cooper • Culture and the Evolution of Obesity by Peter J. Brown Culture & Agriculture Culture & Agriculture • The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race by Jared Diamond Culture & Agriculture • The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race by Jared Diamond • The Domestication of Wood in Haiti: A Case Study in Applied Evolution by Gerald F. Murray Culture & Agriculture • The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race by Jared Diamond • The Domestication of Wood in Haiti: A Case Study in Applied Evolution by Gerald F. Murray • Two Rights Make a Wrong: Indigenous Peoples Versus Environmental Protection Agencies by Richard Reed Culture & Race Culture & Race • Race Without Color by Jared Diamond Culture & Race • Race Without Color by Jared Diamond • Official Statement on Race by the AAA Culture & Race • Race Without Color by Jared Diamond • Official Statement on Race by the AAA • White Priviledge: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by Peggy McIntosh Culture & Race • Race Without Color by Jared Diamond • Official Statement on Race by the AAA • White Priviledge: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by Peggy McIntosh • Of Kwanza, Cinco de Mayo, and Whispering: The Need for Intercultural Education by Deborah Freedman Lustig Films • Saudi Arabia • Promises • The Feast Mapping