Download Daughter cells are

Heredity
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
RNA & DNA
Mitosis & Meiosis
Genetics
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction:
– Only involves single parent cell
– No variation
– Very rapid
– 4 types:
•
•
•
•
Budding
Vegetative propagation
Spore formation
Binary fission
Sexual Reproduction
•
•
•
•
Female gamete – egg (ovum)
Male gamete – sperm (spermatozoan)
Fertilization = joining of sperm and egg
Fertilized egg called zygote (then embryo,
then fetus)
• Know these terms for plants:
– Pollen, stamen, pistil, seed, ovary, fruit,
germination
DNA & RNA
• Building block of DNA/RNA = nucleotide
(see diagram)
• DNA: ATCG
• RNA: AUCG
• Structure of DNA: double helix (see
diagram)
• Complementary base pairing
DNA
• Replication
• Transcription
• Translation
Mitosis
• Interphase
• Mitosis
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
Identify the Stages of Mitosis
Meiosis
Meiosis
• Reduction division
Mitosis
# divisions
# daughter cells
Chromosome # in
daughters
Daughter cells
are
Purpose
Meiosis
Genetics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dominant
Recessive
Codominance
Incomplete Dominance
Genotype
Phenotype
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Punnet Squares
• Homozygous tall X Homozygous short
Punnet Squares
• Homozygous tall X Heterozygous tall
Punnet Squares
• Heterozygous tall X Heterozygous tall
Genetic Engineering
• Mutation is the ultimate source of variation
• Gene splicing (transformation) – DNA from
one organism is transferred into another
Genetic Diseases
•
•
•
•
Mutation – change in the DNA sequence
Point mutations
Frame shift mutations
Chromosome mutations
– Deletions, insertions, inversions,
translocations, nondisjunction
Genetic Diseases
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Huntington’s
• Hemophilia
• Color blindness
• Which type of compound is NOT part of DNA?
– Deoxyribose; nitrogen base; phosphate; protein
• Color blindness results form the expression of a single recessive
sex-linked allele. Therefore, the disorder occurs in males when the
allele is
– Missing on both the X & Y; present on both the X & Y; present on the X;
present only on the Y
• In humans, brown eyes, B, are dominant to blue eyes, b. What is
the genotype and phenotype of a person who is heterozygous for
this trait?
– bb blue; Bb brown; Bb blue; BB brown
• Which represents mitosis?
– Sexual cellular reproduction; the division of genetic material of a cell to
produce a zygote; the splitting of a cell to produced 2 daughter cells
identical to the parent; the splitting of a cell to produce 2 gametes with
½ the chromosome number as the parent
•
Which is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
– Fewer opportunities for genetic errors occur, thereby ensuring a more durable
population; sexual reproduction eliminates the need for more than one organism
if reproduction is to occur; species using sexual reproduction will be better
assured of the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions; the genetic
material of the parent will be copied exactly
•
Which of the following would NOT result in an abnormality in offspring?
– Extra chromosomes in a gamete; failure of chromatids to separate; formation of
a polar body during gamete production; genetic mutation
•
Gregor Mendel, in his study of the characteristics of pea plants, developed
an understanding of the role of hereditary expression of plant traits. His
work led to the development of the branch of biology called
– Botany; genetics; microbiology; plant physiology
•
If a human cell reproduces itself through mitosis, what is the correct number
of chromosome PAIRS present in each daughter cell?
– 12; 23; 46; 92
• What structure contains both the genetic material for a
new plant and a stored food supply?
– Fruit; pistil; seed; spores
• A bee aids in the assurance of genetic variation of
flowering plants by contributing to the process of
– Cross pollination; germination; self pollination; vegetative
propagation
• During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes
divide and move to opposite poles of the cell?
– Prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase
• A zygote is produced from which of the following
processes?
– Fertilization; germination; meiosis; mitosis
• Choose the best definition form ovum.
– A cell produced by the union of male and female sex cells; a female sex
cell; a male sex cell; the organ responsible for the production of
reproductive cells
• One strand of DNA has the following arrangement of nucleotides:
ACTGA. What would be the nucleotide arrangement on the
complementary strand?
• Which of the following disorders is NOT a result of a genetic
abnormality?
– Down Syndrome; hemophilia; pneumonia; sickle cell anemia
• Which of the following is the male structure of a flower?
– Pistil; ovary; stigma; stamen
• Meiosis results in the formation of
– Cells with a haploid number of chromosomes; cells with a diploid
number of chromosomes; cells with the same number of chromosomes
as the parent cell; cells with only one chromosome