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Transcript
7.3 Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness. Drug Tolerance • A person has developed the need to take greater doses of the drug to get the same effect initial doses had Drug Dependency • A person now needs to take the drug to prevent withdrawal symptoms of NS Withdrawal • Painful physical and psychological symptoms that occur after a drugdependent person stops using the drug Stimulants Amphetamines • Speed, crank, crystal, ice • Methamphetamine (new twist---not pill form, but smoked or snorted, for a faster high) • Increase blood pressure, heart rate, enhanced mood, alertness, and energy Stimulants cont. Amphetamines (cont.) • Leads to excessive restless behavior, repetitive beh., depression, agitation, insomnia, paranoia • Brain damage, NS destruction Stimulants Cocaine • Horse, snow, crack • Increased physiological and psychological arousal (energy, alert) • Appetite suppression, insomnia, irritation, nose damage, hallucinations, bugs---circle of depresssion, fatigue, withdrawal, craving Stimulants cont. Cocaine (cont.) • Usually only lasts 30 minutes or so • Impaired decision-making, analysis of self and abilities • Brain damage, NS destruction Legal Stimulants Caffeine – Physiological arousal--hyper feeling, energy, improved reaction time – Psychological arousal--decreased feeling of fatigue and drowsiness, alertness, improved mental reaction time Legal Stimulants Nicotine – Physiological effects--lung cancer, heart and vascular disease, emphysema – Psychological arousal--improves attention, concentration, and shortterm memory in low doses Opiates • Opium, morphine, heroin • Reduce pain, create euphoria (like state between waking and sleeping), constipation • One of the fastest “tolerance” drugs Opiates (cont.) • Dependence leads to: – Hot and cold flashes – Sweating – Muscle tremors – Stomach cramps • Overdose leads to: – Respiratory failure Hallucinogens • Psychoactive drugs that produce strange perceptual, sensory, and cognitive experiences • The person sees or hears things that he knows are not realistic • Cultural uses Hallucinogens (cont.) • LSD (lycergic acid diethylamide) – Visual hallucinations, perceptual distortions, increased sensory awareness, and intense psychological feelings – “Tripping” is dependent on user’s state of mind Hallucinogens (cont.) • LSD dangers include: – Psychotic paranoia (can require hospitalization) – Uncontrolled frightening flashbacks of the trip – Tolerance develops quickly, but no reports of dependence Hallucinogens (cont.) • Psilocybin (mushrooms) – Pleasant and relaxed state (low dose) to perceptual distortions in time and space (med. dose) to hallucinations, body image distortions, etc. – Tripping is like an “awake dream” Hallucinogens (cont.) • Psilocybin dangers include: – Psychotic states last long and are unpredictable – Accidental poisoning from bad ‘shrooms Hallucinogens (cont.) • Designer drugs – Manufactured or synthetic drugs designed to mimic existing illegal psychoactive drugs / effects • Ecstasy (MDMA) is an example Hallucinogens (cont.) • Ecstasy (MDMA) – Resembles both mescaline (hallucinogen) and amphetamine (upper) – Increases emotional awareness and intimacy, and alters visual perceptions – Lowers inhibitions (aphrodisiac) Hallucinogens (cont.) • Ecstasy (MDMA) dangers include: – Jitteriness, anxiety, jaw clenching, fear and insomnia (low doses) – Panic, rapid heartbeat, paranoia, and psychotic episodes (med. dose) – Confusion, fatigue, depression, severe nausea (high, prolonged dose) Hallucinogens (cont.) • Ecstasy (MDMA) dangers include (cont): – Physically damages neurons over time which can lead to an uncountable number of neurological problems Alcohol • Psychoactive drug • Depressant: depresses CNS activity • Seems like a stimulant first, but later depresses many physio / psycho responses Alcohol (cont.) • Few drinks = friendliness and loss of inhibitions • Several drinks = interferes with ability to understand events around them • Many drinks = Impairs motor coord, cognitive abilities, decision making, speech Marijuana • Psychoactive drug (THC in the leaves creates the effect) • One of the few drugs where no deaths are caused by its direct biological effects • 5-10 minute effect after inhalation • Dose indicates type of high Marijuana (cont.) • Low dose = mild euphoria • Moderate dose = perceptual and time distortion • High dose = hallucinations, delusions, and distortions of the body image