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GIS APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Melanie Tennant, Research Associate Gisela Bichler-Robertson, Director CPAL-CSU, San Bernardino Association for Criminal Justice Research Oct. 18-19, 2001, San Diego http://cjrc.csusb.edu/CPAL/CPAL.html I. What is GIS? Geographic Information System spatial realities data and their meaning computer technology CPAL- CSU San Bernardino The GIS Funnel Source: Davis, B., (1996). GIS a Visual Approach. Onward Press. Pg. 26. CPAL- CSU San Bernardino GIS Analysis: Techniques using maps to explore data and identify patterns. • Pin Maps • Cloropleth or Thematic Maps • Density Maps CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Current GIS Applications in Criminal Justice • Law Enforcement – Arson Investigation – Border Patrol – Police Departments • Courts • Corrections • Probation/Parole CPAL- CSU San Bernardino II. Police Use of GIS 1. Augment Traditional Functions – – Crime Analysis Information Dissemination 2. Enhance Problem Solving – – Community and Problem-oriented Policing Task Forces CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Enhancing Traditional Crime Analysis Strategic – Identify unusual activity levels by time or location – Forecast potential crime events/ concentration CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference. CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Tactical – Day to day – For series, patterns, sprees, hot spots – Used for Deployment & Administration CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference. CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Investigative – crime scene, psychological & forensic information – link serial or related events – Temporal, geographic, DAN evidence to develop trends CPAL- CSU San Bernardino CSU San Bernardino Source: Rossmo, 1999. Figure 6.1.CPALIn: K. Harries. Mapping Crime:Principle and Practice. NIJ.P.153 Intelligence – linkage between crime organizations & enterprises – Relate elements such as companies, agencies, people, times, days, to crimes & places CPAL- CSU San Bernardino CPAL- CSU San Bernardino CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Operations – Assess needs (calls for service, population of data & demographics) – Generate projections for deployment & resource allocation CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Source: Hayes, (2001). “Patrol Deployment/ Redistricting ®” CPALCSU San Bernardino IACA Training Conference, Long Beach Sept. 20th 2001. Academic or Administrative – reports or statistical summaries for grant funding, commanders & public – Policy implications beyond law enforcement CPAL- CSU San Bernardino RYGCA ; ; PARK [%% [ [% [% [ % [ [% % [ % % [% [ % [[ % [ % [% % [% % [ [ [ [ % [ % [ % [ % [% % [ Employment % ; ; %[ CIT RU S [ORANGE % ; [ % [ [% % I OL LUGONIA [ % [ % COLT ON Development Department [ % CIT RU S [ % [ % [ % VE [ % LAK Loma Linda Behavioral M edical Center ID ES E N SA [ % ; [ % [ % [ % [ [%% 1 2 3 4 5 S ES PR CY H D AN HL IG Treatment Sites & Social Services Drug Court Clients Streets Beats [ % ER NT CE ID E KS OO R B [ % [ % WABASH [ % [ % [ % [ % [ [ % [ % [%% [ [ % % [% [ % [ % JUDSON TEXAS NEVADA ALABAMA STATE HWY 30 Drug Court Treatment Center [ % RED LAN D S CHURCH ORANGE H ome Addresses of Drug Court Clients and Treatment Sites/Social ServiceLocations RE DL AN D S Department of Public Social Services W E S ent Comm r tm ON NY CA Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference. CPAL- CSU San Bernardino N ceDep Poli a ds EO OT [ % i ty Anal ysi s un M TI [ % it Redla Un n III. Challenges to Using GIS Ethical Issues – Redlining – Privacy Issues/Liability Technological limitations – Learning curve – Data Compatibility (format) Data Limitations – Large scales/ detail of basemaps – Availability and Currency – Lack of micro-level data CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Making Data & Mapping Available to the Community Advantages Public awareness Partnerships Involvement/ Empowerment Accountability Disadvantages Privacy Commercialization Redlining Insurance rates Misinterpretation CPAL- CSU San Bernardino There are some important things that you need to know about before using this data! 1. ALL ASPECTS OF THE DATA PROVIDED HEREIN ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO A DEGREE OF ERROR DUE TO THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN COMPILING AND PROGRAMMING THE DATA. NO WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR GUARANTY IS MADE OR IMPLIED REGARDING THE CONTENT, SEQUENCE, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS OR COMPLETENESS OF THE DATA PROVIDED HEREIN. 2. THIS VISUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA IS BEING PROVIDED STRICTLY AS A COURTESY, AND NOT AS AN OBLIGATION, TO ITS READERS. THE POLICE DEPARTMENT DOES NOT HAVE STAFF AVAILABLE TO ASSIST IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA PRESENTED HEREIN I have read and understand the above Continue I do not wish to continue Back to main menu CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Sacramento Police Department http://citymaps.sacto.org/GISAPPS2/cdisclaimer.htm Data Limitations impact Problem Solving • Lack of micro-level data in digital form • Aggregation of community information LEADS TO Place Intensive Research CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Place Intensive Methods GIS Analysis – Aggregated information – Large scale analysis – Data and technological limitations –Resource limitations –Scale & boundaries –Lost community context SOLUTION Blended Approach CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Blended Approach Phase 1. Community-level Analysis Crime Analysis provides a framework and focus. Phase 2. Contextual-level Analysis Abbreviated User Analysis identifies micro, community level attributes that influence crime. CPAL- CSU San Bernardino Copies of this Presentation are available from: Crime Prevention Analysis Lab California State University San Bernardino cjrc.csusb.edu/CPAL/CPAL.html CPAL- CSU San Bernardino