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MACROECONOMIC POLICY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC GECO6400 ECONOMIC GROWTH MACROECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES COURSE REVISION ECONOMIC GROWTH The Asia-Pacific region consists of economic systems that range from free market to centrally planned. Free market-based capitalist economies experience regular periodic fluctuations in the production of output. Such fluctuations are often referred to as business cycles. ECONOMIC GROWTH COUNTRY Australia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam ECONOMIC SYSTEM RESOURCE OWNERSHIP Free market Centrally Planned Free Market Mixed Free market Free market Mixed Free market Free Market Free Market Free Market Free Market Free Market Free Market Private State Private State and Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private ECONOMIC GROWTH The Business Cycle The business cycle refers to the irregular fluctuation of real output in a capitalist economy over a period of time. This fluctuation tends to be wave-like and consists of 4 recurring phases: Peak Recession Trough Recovery ECONOMIC GROWTH Wavelength Change in GDP PEAK RECOVERY RECESSION A m p l i t u d e TROUGH Time ECONOMIC GROWTH Phases Repetitive aspects of the cycle. Peak: economic activity reaches a maximum Recession: Trough: decline in economic activity economic activity reaches a minimum Recovery: increase in economic activity. ECONOMIC GROWTH Causes What turns the cycle? Man-made Political Technological Natural Disasters Discovery ECONOMIC GROWTH Characteristics How to determine what phase of the cycle predominates. Output Employment Inflation Aggregate Demand Consumption Investment Exports and imports ECONOMIC GROWTH Mechanisms What keeps the cycle going? Aggregate Expenditure Consumption Investment Exports Expectations ECONOMIC GROWTH PHASE POSSIBLE CAUSES High output Low unemployment High prices High Aggregate demand PEAK RECESSION Natural disaster War Declining output Rising unemployment Falling prices Decreasing aggregate demand Low output High unemployment Low prices Low Aggregate demand TROUGH RECOVERY CHARACTERISTICS Breaking of a drought Discovery of new technology Innovation Rising output Declining unemployment Rising prices Rising Aggregate demand ECONOMIC GROWTH INDIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTH 12 10 8 % 6 change 4 in GDP 2 2000 1997 1994 1991 1988 1985 1982 1979 1976 1973 1970 1967 1964 1961 1958 1955 -2 1952 0 -4 -6 YEAR Source: Patnaik, Ila and Rachna Sharma, ‘Business Cycles in the Indian Economy’, Margin, Vol.35, No.1, pp.71-79, October-December 2002. ECONOMIC GROWTH Class Task Find one complete business cycle and provide years for: Peak Recession Trough Recovery Discuss any macroeconomic problems associated with the phases of the cycle and suggest policies to alleviate them. MACROECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES Overview Economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region has been advancing rapidly over the past decade, driven by growing intra-regional trade, increasing investment and financial integration. Based on regional and bilateral free-trade agreements as well as emerging financial cooperation arrangements, this process is likely to increase over time. Reflecting increasing trade and investment flows, business cycles across countries in the region are becoming more correlated. MACROECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES Challenges 1. Development and integration of different economic systems 2. Managing growth and development Infrastructure development Structural reform Climate change Ageing population Income distribution MACROECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES 4. Global Integration Trade Policies open vs closed global vs regional and multilateral vs bilateral Capital Markets Regulation of international capital flows Financial system regulation Exchange rate systems 5. Balance of development Distribution of gains between economies COURSE REVISION THE MACROECONOMY The Economic Problem The Circular Flow of Income Economic Sectors Measuring Output: GDP, methods, nominal and real, alternative measures of economic welfare (HDI, GPI). COURSE REVISION MEASURING EMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION Defining and measuring unemployment Unemployment rate, Participation rate Types of unemployment Discouraged workers Defining and measuring inflation Costs of inflation The Philips Curve COURSE REVISION MACROECONOMIC MODELS Aggregate Expenditure Model Economic sectors AE=C+I+G+(X-M) 45-degree line diagram MPC and MPS, APC and APS Equilibrium Income (Y=AE) Multiplier COURSE REVISION MACROECONOMIC MODELS Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply: short-run and long-run Movements along vs shifts Equilibrium Application of AD-AS model: inflation, Stagflation COURSE REVISION FISCAL POLICY Federal Budget Outcome Financing a Budget Deficit Discretionary and non-discretionary Fiscal Policy Automatic Stabilisers Fiscal Policy transmission mechanism Crowding Out Net export effect Problems with Fiscal Policy COURSE REVISION MONEY AND BANKING Defining money Money Demand and Money Supply Credit creation: reserves, reserve ratio MONETARY POLICY Open Market Operations Monetary Policy transmission mechanism Monetary Policy, interest rates and exchange rates Second-round effects of Monetary Policy COURSE REVISION INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Current Account: Current Account Deficit Capital and Financial Account Terms of Trade Foreign Debt Twin Deficits COURSE REVISION EXCHANGE RATES Definition and determination Exchange rate systems Flexible Managed Fixed interest rates and exchange rates Purchasing Power Parity COURSE REVISION ECONOMIC GROWTH Business Cycles