Download Education investment and commitment

Education investment and commitment:
reassessing the international benchmarks
Albert Motivans
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
IWGE 2010, Stockholm
7 June 2010
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
UIS and global education finance data
The UNESCO Institute for Statistics:
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Collects national domestic finance data annually
Disseminates data three times a year on the UIS Data Centre
which is revised retrospectively based on new GDP estimates
Uses and interprets data
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•
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Impact of financial crisis on education budgets (2009)
Financing education in Africa (with Pole de Dakar and IIEP in 2010)
Provides technical assistance/data quality diagnoses
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Sustainable reporting of financing data in sub-Saharan Africa
review follow-up)
Data quality assessment framework (DQAF)
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
(sector
The global distribution of
education spending, 2007
Public education expenditure (billion PPP$)
United States
726.9
TOTAL
784.1
Arab States (15/20)
Central/Eastern Europe
(18/21)
Central Asia (7/9)
219.7
8.7
Latin America/ Caribbean
(35/41)
260.1
South/West Asia (7/9)
153.7
Sub-Saharan Africa (38/45)
UNESCO
88.1
53.8
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2010
The investment to educate a child
One year of primary school, PPP$
UNESCO
Czech Rep.
Kuwait
Seychelles
2,508
2,618
2,803
Estonia
2,896
Poland
Rep. Korea
Hungary
3,041
3,910
3,978
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2010
Risks in benchmarking public
education spending
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Crude measures of macro-level inputs
Missing a big part of the picture where household
contributions are not counted
Likewise miss the contributions from local and
regional governments
Relying only on relative measures one can lose sight
of absolute needs
Missing the underlying story of the conditions that
influence spending/costs
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Accounting for national contexts
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Overall proportion of and growth rates of the school age
population
Coverage of the education system
•
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The roles of government and societies
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years of primary schooling, hours of instruction
Quality of education provision
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Redistributive or direct channel for families
Volume of education provision
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even by single grades!
teaching standards, teaching/learning environment
Efficiency of education provision
•
repetition, retention and completion
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Different levels of capacity and demand
imply different resource needs
160
Sierra Leone
Group A
Brazil
Guyana Cambodia
Sao Tome
Lesotho
140
Primary GER 2005
Russian Fed.
Group B
Madagascar
Gabon
Nepal
Belize
Rwanda
120
Guatemala
Equat.
Zambia
Malawi
Guinea
100
Yemen Congo Afghanistan
Gambia
Guinea UAE
Senegal
Chad
PNG
Cote d'Ivoire
Mali
Eritrea
Sudan
Burkina Faso
CAR
80
60
Group C
Djibouti
40
40
60
80
100
120
140
UNESCO declining population
increasing population
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Primary school age population (1995=100)
160
The traditional benchmarks
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Investment/cost
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Per pupil public expenditure (PPP$)
Per pupil public expenditure as a share of GDP per capita
Effort/commitment
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Public education expenditure as a share of national
income (GDP) or per capita
Public education expenditure as a share of government
budget (TGE)
Share of education expenditure by source of funds
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Investment/cost
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Per pupil expenditure is calculated as the annual expenditure
(recurrent or total) divided by the number of pupils
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Countries range from 2% to 25% and less than PPP$100 to more
than PPP$15,000
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Often presented as ‘unit costs’ but only represents part of total
costs; better described as public investment per pupil
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Two complementary measures
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Relative (as a % of GDP per capita) allows cross-national comparisons
Absolute measures (in PPP$) allow assessment of its sufficiency
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Relative and absolute measures of per primary
pupil public expenditure in SS Africa, 2008
1,600
35
% GDP per Capita
30
Expenditure in PPP$
1,200
25
1,021
20
806
800
15
461
346 314
400
10
263
162 156
132 110
5
94
83
81
77
76
75
72
61
51
Expenditure as a % of GDP per capita
PPP $
1,386
39
0
N
So
ut
h
Af
ric
a
Bo am
t s ibia
w
C ana
ap
e -1
Ve
r
Bu Le de
rk so
in
a t ho
Fa
s
Ke o-2
ny
a2
N
ig
Be e r
n
C in-2
om
C oro
am s
er
oo
n
R Ma
w
an li
da
M U -1
oz ga
am nd
bi a
qu
e
To -2
Et go1
h
M iop
ad iaag 1
C
as
en
c
t ra
Bu ar
lA
ru
n
f ri
E
ca
rit di
n
r
R ea
ep -2
ub
lic
-1
0
Note: -1 data refer to 2007; -2 data refer to 2006
Source: UNESCO UNESCO
Institute for Statistics.
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2010
Effort/commitment, I
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The share of national income (GDP) invested in education –
often interpreted as a measure of commitment to education
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Countries range from less than 1% to 15%
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Often misapplied, e.g., ‘5-6% of GDP should be spent on
education’ cited (based on OECD)
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Not always a good measure of government ‘effort’ because of
differences in duration of schooling, coverage of education
and other national contexts
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Effort/commitment, II
• The share of public expenditure invested in education –
also interpreted as a measure of commitment to
education
• Countries range from less than 10% to 30%
• Closer to commitment in that it represents the actual
government budget constraints
• Level highly dependent upon the role of governments
and societies; whether governments play a redistributive
role or families and communities are more directly
responsible for the education of their children
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS
Comparing national ‘effort’ from
the perspective of fiscal space
100
Timor-Leste
> 7.0
90
6.0-7.0
5.0-6.0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Cyprus-1
Higher share of public spending
Total public expenditure as a percentage of GDP
80
2.5-5.0
Cuba
<2.5
Maldives
Belarus-1
Sweden-1
Belgium-1
Italy-1
Austria-1
Lesotho
Guyana-1
Israel-1
Barbados
Dominica
Poland-1
Bulgaria-1
Samoa
Spain-1
USA-1
Romania-1
Latvia-1
Slovakia-1
Paraguay-1 Yemen
Anguilla
Egypt
Georgia
Lebanon
Iceland-1
Norway-1
Cape Verde
South Africa
Belize-1
Macao, China
CAR-1
Tunisia-1Burundi
Saudi Arabia
Viet Nam
Senegal**
Malaysia-1Ukraine-1
El Salvador
Colombia
Bahrain
Togo-1
Liberia
Madagascar
Cameroon
Lao PDR
Singapore
Bangladesh
Philippines-1
Azerbaijan
Pakistan
Cambodia-1
Moldova
Botswana-1
Djibouti-1
Swaziland
Namibia
Kyrgyzstan-1
Tanzania
Ethiopia-1
Costa Rica
Morocco Vanuatu
Nepal Algeria
Burkina Faso-1
Mali Rwanda Côte d'Ivoire
Thailand
Tajikistan
Hong Kong SAR
Peru
Guinea
Higher share of education spending
UAE
0
Note: -1 data
0 refer to 2007
5
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
UNESCO
10
15
20
INSTITUTE
for STATISTICS
Expenditure
on education
as percentage of total public expenditure
25
30
Developing the measurement agenda
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Improve relevance of benchmark measures
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Improve comparative frameworks for measuring
household contributions to education
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Explore grade or school-year based measures of
investments/costs
Capture the full picture of investments/costs
Reach consensus on what represents an education cost
in different societies/economies
Data/indicators that are needed to address
emerging issues...open for discussion
UNESCO
INSTITUTE for STATISTICS