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An Overview of Domestic and Overseas Markets
In House Congress, Mumbai
At Grand Hyatt, April 29, 2008
Avenues of raising capital in the domestic capital market
Avenues of raising capital in overseas markets
Legal framework and regulatory issues
A comparative of overseas stock exchanges
Factors influencing the capital markets

Domestic Stock Exchanges
 Initial Public Offering (“IPO”)
 Offer for Sale
 Public Issue by Listed Companies including Rights
Issue
 Qualified Institutions Placement (“QIP”)
 Preferential Allotment
Qualified
Institutional Buyers
(QIBs)
Retail Investors
Non Institutional
Investors

Companies Act, 1956

Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992

SEBI (Disclosures and Investor Protection) Guidelines , 2000
(“DIP Guidelines”)

Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956

Listing Agreements with the Stock Exchanges

The Depositories Act, 1996

Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (“FEMA”)

Eligibility criteria for primary issuance (IPO or
Offer for Sale)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Rs. 3 Crores (Net Tangible Assets) in last 3 years
Rs. 1 Crore (Net Worth) in last 3 years
Distributable profits for 3 years in last 5 years
In case of change of name, 50% revenues from
activity suggested by new name
Aggregate of all issues in one financial year not
to exceed 5 times issuer’s pre issue net worth

Book Building Method
 50% net offer to QIBs ;OR
 ‘Project’ has 15% participation from financial
institutions/scheduled commercial banks of which
10% comes from appraisers
AND
 10 Crores minimum post issue face value capital;
OR
 2 years of compulsory market making post issue

Exemptions from eligibility criteria
 a banking company
 a corresponding new bank
 an infrastructure company (conditions apply)
▪ Project must be appraised
▪ Not less than 5% of the project cost must be from
appraisers
 rights issue by a listed company

Pricing
 Free pricing of shares
 Issuer company free to fix face value of the shares
offered subject to:
▪ If price of share is Rs. 500 or more, then face value can
be less than 10 but must be more than Re. 1
▪ If price of share is less than Rs. 500 then face value of
share must be Rs. 10
Fast Track Method
(Introduced by SEBI in November 2007)

 Listed companies making a public offering
 Rights Issue
SEBI approval of prospectus not required if:
 Issuer company is listed for last three years
 Average market cap is greater than Rs 10,000 Crores
 95% of investor grievances redressed (till last quarter)
 No SEBI proceedings pending
 Entire shareholding in dematerialized form
Other Requisites for public offerings
Issue of shares or of convertible securities by a company to a
select group of persons under Section 81(IA) of the
Companies Act, 1956.
Conditions of preferential issue (Chapter XIII of DIP Guidelines)
▪ Pricing as per the DIP guidelines
▪ Continuous listing (Minimum public shareholding)
▪ Existing shares of proposed allottee(s) in demat form
▪ Lock in of pre-preferential allotment shareholding
▪ No sale and transfer any equity shares for past 6 months
▪ Non-transferability of instruments
▪ Allotment must be completed within 15 days
Issue of shares or of convertible securities by a company to
Qualified Institutional Buyers (“QIBs”) (Chapter XIIIA of DIP
Guidelines)
Eligibility:
▪ Equity shares listed for one year preceding the date of
notice to shareholders
▪ Minimum public shareholding to be maintained
Note:
▪ No placement to QIB who is promoter or related to
promoter
▪ Pricing as per the DIP guidelines
▪ Non applicability of Chapter XIII of DIP guidelines
Conditions:
 Minimum Number of allottees:
 2, where the issue size is less than or equal to Rs. 250
Crores
 5, where the issue size is greater than Rs. 250 Crores
 No single allottee shall be allotted more than 50% of the
issue size.
 Transfer restriction for 1 year (except on a stock exchange)
 Minimum 10% allotment to mutual funds
Credit rating required
Debenture trustee must be appointed
 Debentures not to be issued for acquisition of shares or
providing loan to any company belonging to the same group.
(Not to apply to FCDs converting within 18 months)
 Company to create Debenture Redemption Reserve (“DRR”)
 Debentures to be redeemed as per offer document
 Offer document to specify the assets on which security is
created and ranking of the charge
 Premium amount and time of conversion to be determined
by issuer company and disclosed
 Interest rate on debentures to be freely determined by issuer
company
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SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers)
Regulations 1997 (Takeover Code)
SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations 1992
SEBI (Bankers to an Issue) Regulations, 1994
SEBI (Merchant Bankers) Regulations, 1992
SEBI (Underwriters) Regulations, 1993
SEBI (Registrars to an Issue and Share Transfer
Agents)Regulations, 1993
SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices
Relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003
New exchange for SMEs
21 days gap between closing
and listing to be shortened to
7 days
QIBs to pay 100% upfront for
IPOs
Indian Companies can raise capital overseas by issue of:
Depository
Receipts
Bonds
Global Depository Receipts
(“GDRs”)
American Depository
Receipts (“ADRs”)
Foreign Currency
Convertible Bonds
(“FCCBs”)
Foreign Currency
Exchangeable Bonds
(“FCEBs”)
Euro Bonds
Note: Indian companies listing overseas must either before
or simultaneously list on the Indian stock exchanges
 Companies Act, 1956
 SEBI DIP Guidelines
 Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary

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
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
Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme
1993 (“FCCB Scheme”)
Issue of Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bonds
Scheme,2008
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (“FEMA”)
Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of any
Foreign Security) Regulations, 2004
External Commercial Borrowing Policy (“ECB Policy”)
Foreign Direct Investment Policy (“FDI Policy”)
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DRs represent shares of an Indian company trading on a
foreign stock exchange
The DR holders are part of foreign holding in a company but
unlike FDI, investors in DRs do not enjoy voting rights
DRs of most Indian companies experienced a sharp fall due
to market meltdown. However, recently the DRs have
recovered and trading turnovers have improved.
DRs have become popular because of two-way fungibility
No prior approval of SEBI, RBI or government is required for
issue of DRs
No restrictions on the use of proceeds except investment in
real estate and the stock markets
Foreign currency convertible bonds are debt instruments
which are convertible into equity of the company at a later
point of time
 Both FDI and ECB policies are applicable
 Coupon rate must not exceed 300 basis points over SBI PLR
 RBI approval required for companies other than companies
who can access ECB under automatic route and for all
companies raising more than US$ 500 million
 Restriction on use of proceeds
 US$ 20 million can be raised for rupee expenditure
 Proceeds to be parked abroad till required in India
 Preferred by companies for raising funds for overseas
expansions and acquisitions

 FCEB Scheme was notified on February 15, 2008
 A security offered by an issuing company and subscribed
to by investors living outside India and exchangeable into
equity shares of another company, which is called the
offered company.
 The issuing company must be a part of the promoter
group and must hold the equity shares being offered at
the time of issuing FCEBs. The offered company has to be
a listed company, which is engaged in a sector eligible to
receive FDI and eligible for ECB.
 RBI is still considering the instrument
 No guidelines for FCEBs issued by RBI yet
 RBI is unsure how FCEBs would work within existing
framework of ECB Policy
 Lack of transparency regarding use of the funds according
to RBI
 Issues on monitoring of the FDI cap on companies when
bonds raised by one company gets converted into equity
of another company.
Choice of stock exchange depends upon:
Depth of the Market
Availability of Funds
Regulatory
Requirements
 NewYork Stock Exchange (NYSE)
▪ NYSE has 11 Indian companies listed on NYSE.
▪ Positive: IFRS accounting norms permitted
▪ Negative: SOX compliance is very costly. Only very large
companies therefore list on NYSE
 NASDAQ
▪ Listing is expensive
▪ 3 Indian companies listed
 London Stock Exchange (LSE) (Main Market)
▪ Caters to large companies
▪ Has been a favorite with large Indian companies
▪ Regulatory requirements are stringent
 Alternative Investment Market (AIM)
▪ Constituted in 1995, London’s AIM has been very successful in
attracting overseas companies/funds
▪ lower entry barriers
▪ a lighter touch on regulation and compliance
▪ comparative flexibility
 Luxembourg Stock Exchange (LuxSE)
▪ Traditional favourite
▪ Listing is expeditious
▪ Cost of raising funds at Luxembourg is lower, compared to NYSE or
NASDAQ
▪ Compliance requirements are less stringent
 Singapore Stock Exchange (SGX)
▪ Listing is less expensive
▪ Has large appetite for certain sectors such as shipping
▪ Regional hub
 Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx)
▪ Offers world-class listing platform
▪ Costs of listing and compliance are competitive
 Dubai International Financial Exchange (DIFX)
▪
▪
▪
▪
Set up in September 2005
Fast attracting attention especially of SMEs
Expeditious listing
Closer home and good liquidity
 Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)
▪ Japan is keen to promote TSE and Japanese Depository Receipts
(“JDRs”) and attract foreign companies
 Asia Pacific Technology Exchange (APTEX)
▪ New Australian stock exchange with a focus on technology
▪ Plans to become fully operational by second half of 2008
Economy of the Country
Money Supply
Interest Rate
Corporate Results
Global Capital Market Scenario
Foreign Funds Inflow
Strength/Weakness of the Local Currency
GDP growth in India: 2007-08 –
8.7%
IMF
7.9%
GDP growth forecast
for India: 2008-09
Inflation scenario for
India: 2008-09
CMIE
5.5%
RBI
comfort
level
(Feb ‘08)
5%
CMIE
9.5%
IBs
7.0 to
8.4%
Trade Deficit has
widened over the
past year
Money supply in the economy as on
March 03, 2008
Interest Rates
Exchange Rate Rs./$
Year
Rs./$
2006-07
45.28
2007-08
Qtr 1
41.25
Qtr 2
40.54
Qtr 3
39.47
Qtr 4
39.83
2008-09
39.95
(Week ending Apr 18)
Bank Lending Rates
(2007-08)
12.75% to 13.25%
Rs. 39,98,887 Crores
Representing a Y on Y
increase of 21%
Repo Rate: 7.75%
Reverse Repo Rate: 6%
RBI purchased US$ 75.4
billion from currency market
in 2007-08 till Feb ‘08
Total foreign funds
inflow in 2006-07 :
US$ 29.1 billion
Total foreign funds
inflow is 2007-08
(till Feb ’08) :
US$ 56.4 billion
Although there are negative factors like the gloomy global
markets, pressure on the export market due to rupee
appreciation, rising inflation rate on one hand, on the
other hand India has a strong growth story
Lets hope good times are ahead!