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Organic chemistry Carbon! Organic Chemistry What are isomers? Isomers have the same formula, but different structures. http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.19/page_id_14587.html Organic Chemistry What are primary, secondary and tertiary carbons? http://www.tutornext.com/help/primary-hydrogen-atoms Organic Chemistry What trends do organic molecules display? Volitility: (IM forces) Alkane > halogenalkane > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > carboxylic acid Solubility: The longer the chain, the less soluble. The more polar the functional group, the more soluble. Organic Chemistry What do we know about alkanes? General formula is CnH(2n+2) Saturated hydrocarbons Stable bonds makes for low chemical activity. Combust well Very non-polar Undergo substitution reactions with halogens to make halogen alkanes under UV light. Organic Chemistry What do we know about alkenes? Have the formula CnH2n Unsaturated hydrocarbons Undergo addition reactions with hydrogen (hydrogenation) water (hydration) halogens or hydrogen halides Polymerization will change a monomer into a polymer. Organic Chemistry What do we know about alcohols? Have OH functional group. General formula CnH(2n+1)OH OH group increases polarity. Combust easily Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols Primary alcohols become aldehydes and carboxylic acid under oxidation Secondary alcohols become ketones under oxidation. Tertiary alcohols don’t oxidize. Organic Chemistry What do we know about halogenalkanes? They have the general formula CnH(2n+1)X where X is the halogen. The halogen group can be replaced with a substitution reaction to create many things. Primary halogenalkanes go though SN2 mechanism. Tertiary halogenalkanes go through SN1 mecanism Organic Chemistry What is SN2? First is the slow step of OH attaching to central carbon of primary halogenalkane. The Cl quickly breaks off forming the alcohol. The first step is the rate determining making it dependent on the concentration of both. This makes it bimolecular. S=substitution N=nucleophilic 2=bimolecular Organic Chemistry What is SN1? The shape causes a steric hinderance (shape problems). First the molecule has to ionize, breaking the carbonhalogen bond (carbocation) which is slow. When it is open, the OH group attaches quickly. The first step is rate determining and depends only on one molecule. S=substitution N=nucleophilic 1=unimolecular Organic Chemistry What are the reaction pathways? These are steps an organic compound can go through to reach a new compound. dihalogenalkane alkane Halogenalkane Trihalogenalkane tetrahalogenalkane alkene alcohol Primary secondary Carboxylic aldehyde ketone