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8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 1 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 2 ECGR 4151 Solar Cell Fundamentals and Technology • ECGR 4151 is not a required class but can count as a technical elective • This is a 4000 level class and will have much higher standards than the ENGR1202 E01 classes • The class will build on the processes you learned in the clean room during Engr 1202 E01 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 3 Engr 4151 Solar Cell Fundamentals and Technology • This class is primarily a laboratory class. There will be one/two lectures a week and you will be spending a minimum of 3-4 hours per week in the in the Cameron clean room. • You will fabricate and test a predesigned solar cell • You will then fabricate a second solar cell with a new design to hopefully improve performance 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 4 Engr 4151 Solar Cell Fundamentals and Technology • Attendance will be taken at each lecture and lab. Hours in the clean room will be logged and recorded. • There will be homework assignments and periodic tests • A final report is required in PowerPoint • There is a final exam • You must fabricate a functioning solar cell to get the maximum grade 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 5 Current Estimates of US Energy Production • • • • • Petroleum – 37% Natural Gas – 25% (will increase with new supplies) Coal – 21% (will decrease with new pollution rules) Nuclear – 9% (plans to increase in jeopardy) Renewable – 8% (will increase significantly) – Solar – Wind – Water (hydro-electric generation) 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 6 What is a solar cell ? Often called a photovoltaic device, it takes the energy from sunlight and creates electrical power. Just like a battery uses a chemical reaction to supply power, solar cells convert one form of energy into another. 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 7 How is a solar cell made? The most common solar cell is made from a silicon wafer. This silicon wafer is doped with boron to make it p-type. A second doping of phosphorus creates a n-type region resulting in a n-p junction. Done correctly the n-p region creates current flow when struck by sun light. This current is gathered by a topside metal conductive grid and funneled to a load. 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 8 Silicon Solar Cell Fabricated In The Cameron Clean Room 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 9 A silicon solar cell is a building block for larger modules and systems 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 10 Solar Cell System 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 11 Most current solar cells are made of silicon Solar Panels on a house 8/26/2015 Solar Panels on an industrial building John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering Solar Panel “FARM” for inserting power into the electrical grid 12 Solar Cell Systems now available for homes 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 13 Solar Cell Systems available for Charlotte 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 14 Individual home solar cell system 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 15 Rooftop solar system in Concord 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 16 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 17 Besides generating electricity for the power grid, solar systems can have significant contributions in more specific applications 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 18 Solar panels have powered spaced based systems since the earliest years 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 19 Rooftop solar system to charge an electric car 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 20 Solar systems can bring electricity to remote areas 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 21 Solar powered portable medical devices 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 22 Solar Powered Medical Clinic 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 23 Solar powered portable water purification 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 24 Solar powered portable electronics charger 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 25 Prius with roof solar panels 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 26 Supplied with an invertor to convert DC voltage to AC voltage What will 45 watts power? •A small notebook computer requires 30 watts • A 24 inch flat screen TV requires 100-150 watts • An XBOX 360 requires 500-600 watts • A refrigerator requires 1000 watts when cooling 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 27 Cost per watt - $3.33 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 28 There will be opportunities in solar cell generated electricity for electrical engineers 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 29 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 30 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 31 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 32 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 33 Solar Cell Issues • Solar cells only generate electricity when the sun is shinning • Solar cells have a limited range of locations with adequate year round sunshine • Solar cells currently are a more expensive way than traditional power plants to generate electricity • Solar cells generate low DC voltage and current – must be converted into AC voltage for household use • There is currently no practical way to store electricity generated by solar cells • Large land areas are required • Local building codes may not allow home installations • Subsidies may be eliminated • Can the US compete in the manufacturer of solar panels ???? These problems will need to be resolved for solar to make a significant impact on electrical generation 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 34 Possible solution to storage of energy Tesla is building house size battery packs 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 35 But solar power does have advantages • The energy from the sun is “FREE” • It does not pollute • Once constructed, there is virtually no operating costs • Excess electricity can be sold back to the local power company 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 36 Assignment • Assignment for lecture #1 on my web site, http://coefs.uncc.edu/jahudak/ 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 37 Safety in the Clean Room • All students are required to take the clean room safety test (even if you have taken it before in a previous class) • To review for the safety test, go to my web site, www.coefs.uncc.edu/jahudak/ and find the “Guidelines and Safety Information” section. Read and understand the first three files. • Safety test will be given next class • Knowing how to work in the clean room safely is critical 8/26/2015 John Hudak Electrical & Computer Engineering 38
