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Chapter 5
First-Order Circuits
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
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The Source-Free RC Circuit
The Source-Free RL Circuit
Unit-step Function
Step Response of an RC Circuit
Step Response of an RL Circuit
5.1
The Source-Free RC Circuit (1)
 A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order
differential equation.
By KCL
iR  iC  0
Ohms law
v
dv
C
0
R
dt
Capacitor law
• Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to purely resistive circuit results in algebraic
equations.
• Apply the laws to RC and RL circuits produces differential equations.
2
5.1
The Source-Free RC Circuit (2)
 The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in terms of voltages and
currents) of the circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation.
Decays more slowly
Time constant
RC
Decays faster
• The time constant,  of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay by a
factor of 1/e or 36.8% of its initial value.
• v decays faster for small t and slower for large t.
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5.1
The Source-Free RC Circuit (3)
The key to working with a source-free RC circuit is finding:
v(t )  V0 e  t / 
where
RC
1. The initial voltage v(0) =V0 across the capacitor.
2. The time constant  = RC.
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5.1
The Source-Free RC Circuit (4)
Example 1
Refer to the circuit below, determine vC, vx and io for t ≥ 0.
Assume that vC(0) = 30 V.
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Solution e1
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5.1 The Source-Free RC Circuit (5)
Example 2
The switch in circuit below is opened at t = 0, find v(t) for t ≥ 0
and Wc(0).
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: V(t) = 8e–2t V, 5.333J
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Solution e2
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5.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit (1)
 A first-order RL circuit consists of a inductor L (or its
equivalent) and a resistor, R (or its equivalent)
By KVL
vL  vR  0
di
L
 iR  0
dt
Inductors law
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di
R
  dt
i
L
Ohms law
i (t )  I 0 e
Rt / L
5.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit (2)
A general form representing a RL
i (t )  I 0 e
where
•
11
•
•
t / 
L

R
The time constant,  of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay by a
factor of 1/e or 36.8% of its initial value.
i(t) decays faster for small t and slower for large t.
The general form is very similar to a RC source-free circuit.
5.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit (3)
Comparison between a RL and RC circuit
A RC source-free circuit
A RL source-free circuit
i (t )  I 0 e  t / 
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where

L
R
v(t )  V0 e t /
where
  RC
5.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit (4)
The key to working with a source-free RL circuit is finding:
i (t )  I 0 e
t /
where
L

R
1. The initial voltage, i(0) = I0 through the inductor.
2. The time constant  = L/R.
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5.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit (5)
Example 3
Find i and vx in the circuit.
given that i(0) = 5 A.
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 Solution E3
1
6
1
6
 KVL @ loop i2.
 Use KVL @ loop i1
di1
 3i1 i1 i2  2(3i1 )  0
dt
di1
 10i1  i2  0  (1)
dt
 2(3i1 )  i2 i1 5i2  0
 7i1  6i2  0
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 i2  i1
6
 (2)
di1
 53dt  ln i1
 Insert (2) in (1),
i1
i (t )
i (0)
i (t )
 53t  ln
 53t
i (0)
t
0
 i (t )  i (0)e 53t  5e 53t A  i1
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v x  3i1  3(5e 53t )  15e 53tV
Solution E3
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5.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit (6)
Example 4
For the circuit, find i(t) for t > 0.
1
8
Solution E4
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Exercise
 Determine i, io, vo for all t . [Assume the switch was closed
for a long time]
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 @t<0
 @t>0
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5.3 Unit-Step Function (1)
 The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of t and
1 for positive values of t.
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 0,
u (t )  
1,
t0
t0
 0,
u (t  to )  
1,
t  to
 0,
u (t  to )  
1,
t   to
t  to
t   to
5.3 Unit-Step Function (2)
Represent an abrupt change for:
voltage source.
current source:
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5.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (1)
 The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation is the step
function, which may be a voltage or a current source.
• Initial condition:
v(0-) = v(0+) =V0
• Applying KCL,
dv v  Vs u (t )
c 
0
dt
R
or
v  Vs
dv

u (t )
dt
RC
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•Where u(t) is the unit-step function
5.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (2)
 Integrating both sides and considering the initial conditions, the
solution of the equation is:
t0
V0
v(t )  
t / 
V

(
V

V
)
e
0
s
 s
Final value
at t -> ∞
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Complete Response = Natural response
(stored energy)
=
V0e–t/τ
+
+
Initial value
at t = 0
t 0
Source-free
Response
Forced Response
(independent source)
Vs(1–e–t/τ)
5.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (3)
Three steps to find out the step response of an RC
circuit:
i. The initial capacitor voltage, v(0).
ii. The final capacitor voltage, v() — DC voltage across C.
iii. The time constant, .
v (t )  v ()  [v (0)  v ()] e
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t /
Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also determine the
solution by setting up the circuit formula directly using KCL, KVL , ohms law,
capacitor and inductor VI laws.
5.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (4)
Example 5
Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below. Assume the switch
has been open for a long time and is closed at t = 0.
Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5.
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: v(t )  15e 2t  5 and v(0.5) = 0.5182V
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Solution E5
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5.5 The Step-response of a RL Circuit (1)
 The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation is the step
function, which may be a voltage or a current source.
•
Initial current
i(0-) = i(0+) = Io
•
Final inductor current
i(∞) =Vs/R
•
Time constant t = L/R

t
Vs
Vs 
i (t )   ( I o  )e u (t )
R
R
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5.5 The Step-Response of a RL Circuit (2)
Three steps to find out the step response of an RL circuit:
i. The initial inductor current, i(0) at t = 0+.
ii. The final inductor current i().
iii. The time constant .
i (t )  i ()  [i (0)  i ()] e
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t /
Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also determine
the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly using KCL, KVL ,
ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws.
5.5 The Step-Response of a RL Circuit (4)
Example 6
The switch in the circuit shown below has been closed for a
long time. It opens at t = 0.
Find i(t) for t > 0.
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Solution E6
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5.5 The Step-Response of a RL Circuit (5)
Example 7
Switch S1 is closed at t = 0 and switch S2 is closed at t = 2s,
Calculate i(t) for all t. Find i(1) and i(3)
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Solution E7
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