Download Dr. C.K. Subramaniam WITT

Developments in Solar Power Technology &
Distributed Energy Systems
C.K. Subramaniam
PROFESSOR
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Solar Energy Spectrum
• Power reaching earth 1.37 KW/m2
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
AB Efficient
C K Subramaniam VITU
19/09/2014
versus
CD Cheap
The main factors controlling the per watt price of PV
solar power are cost of materials and device efficiency.
The high cost that currently prevents widespread
application of this technology invariably arises from a
shortfall in one of above factors.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
MOST EFFICIENT SOLAR CELL
•46% efficient solar cells by Soitec & Fraunhofer Institute. Notably, these
world-leading solar cells from Soitec and Fraunhofer Institute are in
the concentrator triple-junction solar cell category. Such solar cells are
complicated and are not used in residential or commercial applications…
because they are bloody expensive. They are used in space applications by
the likes of NASA, where a bit of extra space (or, as it may be, less space via
extra efficiency) can make a huge difference.
•44.4% efficient solar cells by Sharp previously held the overall efficiency
record. However, they still hold the record for triple-junction
(concentrator) solar cells.
•37.9% efficient solar cells by Sharp. A big step down, these are in the triplejunction, non-concentrator solar cell category. If this is all new to you, it might
take you awhile to see the difference in the categories. The difference is that
these solar cells don’t use anything to concentrate the light hitting the solar
cells, while the 44.7% efficiency cells noted above do use something to
concentrate the light (of course, adding to their costs).
•32.6% solar cells by a Spanish solar research institute (IES) and
university (UPM). These are another step down, as they are in the twojunction, concentrator solar cell category. (For an intro on “junctions,” by the
way, check out this multi-junction photovoltaic cell article on Wikipedia.) Again,
these are still far different solar cells from what are used in commercial or
residential installations.
MOST EFFICIENT SOLAR MODULE
•36.7% efficient Soitec and Fraunhofer solar modules hold the overall solar
PV module efficiency record. However, these are made with concentrator solar
cells and are not used in residential applications. This record was previously held
by similar Amonix solar modules.
•22.1% Panasonic solar modules hold the commercial solar module efficiency
record. However, SunPower’s SPR-327NE-WHT-D modules are the leading solar
modules in solar module yield field tests, and other SunPower solar modules
come in #2 and #3 in those tests.
•17.4% Q-Cells thin-film solar modules hold the record in this specific solar
panel category. Thin-film solar panels are widely used, but not in residential
applications. (Q-Cells was a German company, but it filed for insolvency in 2012
and was then acquired by the Korean company Hanwha.)
C K Subramaniam VITU
19/09/2014
Material
Level of efficiency
in % Lab
Level of efficiency in %
Production
Monocrystalline
Silicon
approx. 24
14 to17
Polycrystalline
Silicon
approx. 18
13 to15
Amorphous
Silicon
approx. 13
5 to7
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
A radar chart comparing attributes of different PV technologies. In order to draw the
radar chart, module efficiency and lifetime are normalised with respect to 18% and
25 years. Source: IDTechEx report "Organic Photovoltaics: Technologies, Markets &
Players 2012-2022"
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Tamil Nadu Renewable Energy Installations
Achievements of TEDA as on 31.7.2014
Renewable Energy Programme/
Systems
Cumulative achievement up to
31.7.2014 (MW)
Wind Power
7349.41
Bagasse Cogeneration
659.40
Biomass Power
226.00
Solar Power (SPV)
109.26
Total
8344.07
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
India (30.06.2014)
Thermal
1,72,286.09 MW
Hydro
40,730.09 MW
Renewable (12%)
31,692.14 MW
Nuclear
4,780.00 MW
TOTAL
2,49,488.31 MW
Tamilnadu (30.06.2014)
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Thermal
10411 MW
Hydro
2182 MW
Renewable (12%)
8075 MW
Nuclear
524 MW
TOTAL
21192 MW
On 20 October 2012, Tamil Nadu unveiled a solar policy
to generate 3,000 MW of solar power in three years.
At present, the state generates only 110 MW of solar
power.
The government plan was to set up at least
1,000 MW of solar power capacity a year.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Theoretical maximum levels of efficiency of various solar cells at standard
conditions
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Manufacturing of a Solar Cell
HoW Green!
•
•
•
The basic component of a solar cell is pure silicon, which is not pure in
its natural state.
Sand
Melted Silicon
Solar cells are made from silicon boules, polycrystalline structures that
have atomic structure of a single crystal, and the commonly used
process for creating the boule is called ‘Czochralski.’
In this process, a seed crystal of silicon is dipped into melted
polycrystalline silicon, as the seed crystal is withdrawn and rotated, a
cylindrical ingot or boule of silicon is formed.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Manufacturing of a Solar Cell
Mono crystalline
silicon Ingot
Ingot Slicing
Mono crystalline
silicon wafer
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Parts of PV module
•
The parts of a PV module are:






•
•
•
•
Teflon film or Polytetrafluoroethylene film
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) resin
Photovoltaic Cell
Tedlar film or Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thermoplastic junction Box
Aluminum Support Structure
Solar PV Cell: Thin squares, discs or films of semi conductor material that
generate voltage and current when exposed to sunlight.
Solar Module: A configuration of PV cells laminated between a clear
glazing.
Solar Panel: One or more modules together.
Solar Array: One or more panels wired together
at a specific voltage.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Solar Array
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Parameters of a Typical Manufactured
Solar cell
•
•
•
•
Solar cells are available in sizes of 100mmX100mm, 125mmX125mm,
156mmX156mm and 208mmX208mm.
The power generated will vary according to the sizes as 1.5W, 2.25W,
3.5W, 6W.
In a solar array, cells are generally includes 36, 48, 54, 72 cells.
The dimensions of a solar cell ranges from 2mX0.7m to 1mX0.5m.
Technical Specifications: To check the parameters of a solar module
following parameters are to be considered. They are:
 Pmax – Maximum Power
 Vmpp – Voltage at maximum power point
 Impp – Current at maximum power point
 Voc – Open Circuit Voltage
 Isc - Short Circuit Current
 Rs – Series Resistance
 Rsh – Shunt Resistance
 Efficiency – Pmax/Area
 Fill Factor – (VmppXImpp)/(VocXIsc)
The Sun Simulator is used to find the above parameter, it is also called as
Module Tester.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Electrical Characteristics of a PV module
•
•
•
•
The current and power outputs of photovoltaic module are approximately
proportional to sunlight intensity.
At a given intensity, a module’s output current and operating voltage are
determined by the load characteristics.
Increase in cell temperature increases current slightly, but drastically
decreases voltage.
Maximum power is derived at the knee of the curve.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
The solar cell module
• 36 cells is a common number for silicon
based modules (18 V)
silicon module with round cells
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Thin film module with long cells
New Directions
Surface structuring to reduce reflection loss:
construction of the cell surface in a pyramid structure, so that
incoming light hits the surface several times. New material: for
example, gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium telluride (GdTe) or
copper indium selenide (CuInSe²).
Tandem or stacked cells: in order to be able to use a
wide spectrum of radiation, different semiconductor materials,
which are suited for different spectral ranges, will be arranged
one on top of the other.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Concentrator cells: A higher light intensity will be focussed on the
solar cells by the use of mirror and lens systems. This system tracks
the sun, always using direct radiation.
MIS Inversion Layer cells: the inner electrical field are not
produced by a p-n junction, but by the junction of a thin oxide layer to a
semiconductor.
Grätzel cells: Electrochemical liquid cells with titanium dioxide as
electrolytes and dye to improve light absorption.
Nano Wire PV:
Perovskite PV:
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
The vast majority of solar panels today are made of
silicon.
I Generation:
--highly stable and efficient solar cells.
--material processing expensive
II Generation:
Manipulating large silicon wafers involves
constructing solar cells using thin films, produce
solar energy at a much-reduced cost. difficulty
absorbing radiation, drawback of poor efficiency
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
3rd Generation of Solar Cells
Quantum Dots
The Carnot limit on the conversion of sunlight to
electricity is 95% as opposed to the theoretical
upper limit of 33% for a standard solar cell.
--performance of solar cells could be improved 2-3
times
--best case would involve a low-cost semiconductor
material that could have its bandgap tuned for
optimal performance allowing the manufacturer to
control the absorptive properties of the solar cell.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Holographic Solar
A novel approach to concentrating sunlight could cut solar panel costs.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
FLEXIBLE SOLAR
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
HOW TO USE ??
Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Distributed energy, or decentralized energy is generated or stored by a
variety of small, grid-connected devices referred to as distributed energy
resources (DER) or distributed energy resource systems.
Distributed Energy Resource, DER, systems typically use renewable
energy sources. By means of an interface, DER systems can be managed
and coordinated within a smart grid.
One of main features of Smart Grid is to bring consumers’ participations to
energy delivery network.
Local generation and network centred at the community level in both urban and
rural areas will bring the collective consumer participations to smart power
transmission and distribution, which, will play a important role in future energy
network
Develop and integrate the WTG-SPV system with Energy Storage (ES)
technologies such as Battery and Fuel cell based ES.
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
Typical Schematic for DER systems:
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
C K Subramaniam VITU
16/02/2016
HOW TO USE ??
HOW TO USE ??
THANK YOU