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Transcript
Electricity and Sound
Transducers
Audio Signals
Cables and Shielding
Sound Environments
Physical and Virtual - Working Definitions

Physical = Sound we hear



Physical environment of the audience / performers.
World of physics and acoustics
Virtual (electronic) = Audio Systems


Electrical signals that are representations or facsimiles of
sounds
Technical Environment of equipment, wires and “techie”
Sound Environments
Physical and Virtual - Working Definitions
Transducers - Link Sound and Audio Environments
Equipment System
Microphone
Virtual Environment
Speaker
Audio
Performers
Physical Environment
Sound
Simple System Block Diagram
Audience/Performed
Sound Environments
Physical and Virtual - Working Definitions

Worlds meet at “transducers”


Transducers are devices that convert energy from one
form to another.
In the theatre:
 Convert sound to electrical signals. • Microphones
 Convert electrical signals to sound. • Speakers
Sound Environments
Physical and Virtual - Working Definitions

Every time a transducer is used, some
information is lost



No transducers are 100% efficient.
The sound represented will change
Clipping will occur
Audio Signals

Microphone level



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Typically around 2mV
The signal created by a microphone and other low power input devices
Typically uses XLR connectors or ¼” RTS (ring-tip-sleeve)
Line level




Standard voltage for signals between pieces of equipment
Ranges between .316V and 1.23V
The audio signal from CD players, DAT decks, MD players, mixers
Typically uses



1/8” or 1/4” phone plug or TS (Tip-Sleeve)
RCA (cinch)
Speaker level



Much higher voltages depending upon the power ratings of the amplifier and load
The signal from power amplifiers to loudspeakers
Typically uses



Speakon connectors
Twist lock
Bare wires
Audio Signals

Impedance (Z) matching



When interconnecting equipment it is important to match
levels
 Sending a line level signal into an input which is expecting a
microphone level signal will cause distortion
High impedance (High Z)
 Generally line level signals on unbalanced lines
 Line outs from audio equipment
 Outputs from electronic instruments
 Outputs from mixing desks
Low impendence (low Z)
 Generally microphone level signals on balanced lines
 Outputs from microphones or Direct Injection Boxes
Audio Signals

Direct Injection Box


Used to convert an unbalanced Hi-Z speaker or
instrument level output to a balanced lo-Z mic
level output
Usually used to enable an electronic instrument to
be delivered long distances on lo-Z lines to
minimize noise
For next class

Read


P. 28-38, Leonard
Learning Basic Soldering handout