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Lesson 28 – Magnetism & Transformers Learning Objectives Analyze the relationship between the transformation ratio, voltage ratio, current ratio, and impedance ratio. Construct a circuit equivalent of a transformer and calculate primary and secondary voltage, current and polarity. Explain the relationship between the power developed in the primary and secondary of a transformer. Transmission of power Faraday’s Experiment #3: Mutually induced voltage Voltage is induced across Coil 2 when i1 is changing. When i1 reaches steady state, voltage across Coil 2 returns to zero. Transformer overview A transformer is a magnetically coupled circuit. Transformer overview A time-varying current in the primary windings induces a magnetic flux in the iron core. The flux flows through the core and induces a current the secondary windings. Thus power flows via the magnetic field without the winding being electrically connected. Winding direction The polarity of ac voltages can be changed by changing the direction of the windings. 0º phase shift 180º phase shift Iron-core transformers Two basic types of iron-core transformers are the core type and the shell type. In both, the core is constructed of laminated sheets of steel to reduce eddy current losses. Core type Shell type Iron-core transformers We will consider the ideal transformer which Neglect coil resistance Neglect core losses Assume all flux is confined to the core Assume negligible current required to establish core flux. Transformer operation is governed by Faraday’s Law. Transformation ratio According to Faraday’s Law d m eN dt For each winding we can write d m d m e pri N pri and esec Nsec dt dt Because the flux (m) is the same through both windings, we can write E pri Esec N pri Nsec Transformation ratio “The ratio of the primary voltage to secondary voltage is equal to the ratio of primary turns to secondary turns.” E pri Esec N pri Nsec This ratio is called the transformation ratio (or turns ratio) and given by the symbol a. a N pri Nsec E pri Esec Step-up and Step-down Transformers are used to change or “transform” voltage. Step-up transformer The secondary voltage is higher than the primary voltage. There are fewer primary windings than secondary windings (a < 1) Step-down transformer The secondary voltage is lower than the primary voltage. There are more primary windings than secondary windings (a > 1) Step-up and Step-down Example Problem 1 Suppose the transformer depicted below has 4000 turns on its primary winding and 1000 turns on its secondary. a. Determine it’s turns ratio. Is it step-up or step-down? b. If the primary voltage epri = 480 sin t, what is it’s secondary voltage? Current ratio Because we are considering an ideal transformer, power in equals power out. Sin Sout E pri I pri Esec I sec I pri I sec Esec 1 E pri a If the voltage is stepped up, then the current is stepped down, and vice versa. Example Problem 2 For the figure below Eg = 120 V 0º, the turns ratio is 6:1, and ZLD = 100-100j. The transformer is ideal. Find: a. load voltage b. load current c. generator current d. Active power to the load The Dot Convention The direction of the windings is not obvious looking at a transformer, therefore we use the dot convention. Dotted terminals have the same polarity at all instants of time. Used for phase shifting (180). Example Problem 3 For the figure below Ig = 25 30ºmA, the turns ratio is 4:1, and VLD = 600ºV. The transformer is ideal. Find: a. Load current b. Load impedance c. Generator voltage d. Real and Reactive load power Example Problem 4 For the figure below i1 = 100 sin (ωt) mA. The transformer is ideal. Determine the secondary currents i2 and i3 Power Transformer Ratings Just like ac motors and generators, power transformers are rated in terms of voltage and apparent power. For example, a transformer is rated 2400/120 volt, 48 kVA. On the primary winding, the current rating is 48,000 VA / 2400 V = 20 A. On the secondary winding, the current rating is 48,000 VA / 120 V = 400 A. Example Problem 5 A 7.2 kV, a=0.2 transformer has a secondary winding rated current of 3 A. What is its kVA rating? a N pri Nsec E pri Esec Transmission of power Transformers Mitsubishi 500 MVA Single-phase autotransformers