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Foundations of Physical Science Workshop: The Atom, Light & Optics and Electric Circuits The Atom – Atom Building Game CPO Science Key Questions What are atoms and how are they put together? What does atomic structure have to do with the periodic table? Subatomic Particles What three basic particles make up all atoms? Subatomic Particles Protons Neutrons Electrons Subatomic Particles The marbles represent these particles. Can you guess which marble represents which particle? Subatomic Particles Now see if you can determine which are protons and which are neutrons: Building Atoms Several groups build an atom with: 7 blues, 6 reds, 6 yellows Others build an atom with: 15 yellows, 16 blues, 15 reds Others build an atom with 8 yellows, 8 reds, and 9 blues The game of Atomic Challenge 4 players or teams per board Each player starts with 6 blues, 5 reds, and 5 yellows in their board pocket. Each player takes turns adding marbles to the atom (up to 5 per turn) to make real, stable atoms. The first player to lose all their marbles wins!!! Atom Building Reminders Building Atoms using Nuclear Particle Cards Each player starts with 7 blues, 7 reds, and 7 yellows in the board pocket. 4 players or teams per board Shuffle cards and deal 5 per player On each turn, play a card and add or take particles as the card instructs On some turns you will score points; on other turns you will not (you may be blocking an opponent) Scoring Points: If your move… Creates or leaves a stable nucleus, you score 1 point Creates or leaves a neutral atom, you score 1 point Creates a perfect, neutral atom with a stable nucleus, you score 3 points First person to 15 points wins! Light and the Atom Atoms absorb and then emit energy with their electrons When the energy emitted falls within the visible spectrum we see it as light Laser Light An Acronym - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Monochromatic In-Phase Coherent Many Uses The game of Photons & Lasers Teaches players about how light is absorbed and emitted from atoms The objective of the game is to score points by stimulating excited electrons to lase, emitting photons of light Players play pump cards to excite the atom by moving electrons up energy levels Players score points by playing laser cards and moving electrons back down energy levels Setting Up Photons & Lasers To begin, the atom should be set up for a specific element Neon 20 is a good choice with 10 each of protons, neutrons, and electrons The electrons should all start in the lowest possible levels – the ground state Each player is dealt 5 cards from the shuffled deck of Photon & Lasers cards Play consists of moving electrons up and down energy levels, the nucleus remains unchanged. Pump Cards Pump cards represent photons of light absorbed by the atom An absorbed photon raises a single electron the number of energy levels corresponding to the energy (color) of the photon shown on the card No points are scored with pump cards, but the atom is raised to an excited state which can later be used to earn points by playing laser cards. Laser Cards Laser cards represent the emission of light from the atom, matching the energy (color) of the stimulating photon Playing a laser card allows the player to move as many electrons as possible down the number of energy levels specified on the card When electrons move down energy levels points are scored! Playing Photons & Lasers Players take turns playing one card per turn and moving electrons up and down energy levels as instructed on the card played Each player draws a new card from the deck after each play to maintain a five card hand If necessary the played cards can be reshuffled and re-used Scoring Points In any given turn electrons may be moved from one level only and only to unfilled states in the appropriate lower level The total number of electrons moved down (lased) multiplied by the number of energy levels indicated on the laser card equals the points for that turn 1 electron moved 2 levels = 1 x 2 = 2 points 3 electrons moved 2 levels = 3 x 2 = 6 points 4 electrons moved 3 levels = 4 x 3 = 12 points How About a Light Meal? We’ll take a 30 minute break Food will be served here Enjoy your meal Please be ready to start in 30 minutes with our Light & Optics Equipment and Investigations Light And Optics CPO Science Key Questions What is light? How can we make light? Why are there different colors of light? How does light behave in a prism? Let it glow, let it glow, let it glow Take white board and keep white side facing up. Don’t look at the bottom! When I say go, flip board over so white side is down. Place part of a hand over the square. Keep hand there! When lights go out, remove hand and observe. Atoms absorb and then emit energy with their electrons When the energy emitted falls within the visible spectrum we see it as light Charge it up with color Take out the red, blue, and green LED lights, plug them in, and use them to energize the phosphorescent paper Remove the colored lights and observe the paper with the room lights off How can you explain your observations? Light and Color How does a TV or computer monitor display many, many different colors when they start with only red, blue, and green pixels? Mix blue and green light. What color do you see? Mix red and blue light. What color do you see? Mix red and green light. What color do you see? Mix all three lights! Overview Simple Optical System (Beaker Funhouse) Reflection/Refraction in a Prism (Secret to Tic-Tac-Toe Invincibility and Prismatic Name Enlightenment) Critical Angle/Total Internal Reflection (Laser Proving Ground) What does Transparent mean? What happens? What are some examples of transparent materials? What Is an Optical System? Anything that involves light Used to study how light behaves Simple Optical System Observe the Beaker with the water and pencil in it Look at the Beaker from many different vantage points What strange or interesting things can you see involving the image of the pencil? OBSERVATIONS The pencil is bent There are two pencils There are three pencils The pencil is Magnified When you look straight down into the beaker, the pencil doesn’t seem bent Color Teaching Tool Slides Color Teaching Tool Slides Refraction/Reflection in a Prism See Page 112 in the Investigation Guide Handout for written directions Take out Prism from CPO Optics kit OBSERVATIONS I can see the X at first When I move my head up and down the X vanishes When the X vanishes the O takes its place This seems to be happening at the same angle, the “magic angle” Prismatic Name Enlightenment 1. Repeat the process for the X and O but instead of the X write your first name. 2. Also write your first name in place of the O but this time underline your name. 3. What information do you now see that can help us explain what is going on? OBSERVATIONS I can see my name upside-down When I move my head up and down my name vanishes When my upside-down name vanishes the underlined name takes its place, and it isn’t upside-down any more This seems to be happening at the same angle, the “magic angle” Time to Experiment Use a Simple Model- Laser and Prism Build Upon What You Have Learned – This Magic Angle is Critical to what is going on Setting Up Laser/Prism Experiment See Page 113 in the Investigation Guide for written directions Take out Laser from CPO Optics kit Use Graph Paper we have provided OBSERVATIONS The exiting beam exits at a different angle for each trial When I move the laser up the paper, the exiting beam angles more in the downward direction At a certain point the exiting beam disappears This seems to be happening at the same angle, the “magic angle” Conclusions from Experiment At a certain angle the beam is refracted in a direction that doesn’t exit the prism This happens at a specific angle-The CRITICAL ANGLE When the angle is bigger than the CRITICAL ANGLE the beam experiences TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION How We Can Use Optics in Everyday Life Fiber Optics Laser Scanners Surgical Lasers Information Storage-CDs, DVDs High precision Distance Measuring Electric Circuits CPO Science Key Questions What “flow of understanding” provides the necessary foundation for an understanding of electricity? What kinds of electric circuits can you build? How does electricity behave? Light the Bulb! What needs to happen to get the bulb to light? Parts of our Circuits Kit Wooden Board Wires of various lengths On/Off switches Bulbs and holder Resistors – fixed and variable Build a simple Circuit Place the bulb in a socket Use one D cell Make the bulb light! Add a switch to conserve D cell energy Use your finger to trace the path of electricity from one terminal of the D cell to the other terminal Parts of a Circuit Wire Bulb Battery Switch Symbols used for Diagramming Let’s build on this… Add a second D cell to your circuit, right next to the first. Be sure to match up positive terminal with negative terminal Do you notice any difference? Add a second light bulb to the circuit, keeping only one pathway for electricity to follow What do you observe now? Series Circuit Another way to light two bulbs Keep two D cells in the circuit Wire up the 2 light bulbs so that there are two branches or pathways for electricity to follow What differences do you observe? Parallel Circuit Can you explain why the bulbs in a parallel circuit are brighter? Water Analogy Resistance and Current Inverse Relationship Voltage The amount of potential energy that each unit of charge has Review V = voltage, measured in volts I = current, measured in amperes, or amp R = resistance, measured in Ohms, symbol W Using the Multimeter to measure Voltage Battery by itself Battery in a circuit Using the Multimeter to measure Current Current in a circuit Multimeter completes the circuit Analyze Circuits 1 bulb Total voltage available Voltage across each bulb Total current at terminal Current through each bulb 2 bulbs in 2 bulbs in series parallel Why are parallel bulbs brighter? 1 bulb Total voltage available Voltage across each bulb Total current at terminal Current through each bulb 2.8 V 2 bulbs in 2 bulbs in series parallel 2.8 V 2.8 V 2.8 V 1.4 V 2.8 V 0.12 A .10 A 0.24 A 0.12 A .10 A 0.12 A