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Social Development To live with people, children must learn what behavior is acceptable and unacceptable Learn when to apply rules and when to bend them Gaining an identity (society, family, and individual) Learning to live with people and yourself Children must learn that other people have rights and that they have limitations Theories on Social Development Sigmund Freud believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges. Erik Erikson believed that a child’s need for social approval is just as important as sexual urges. Lawrence Kohlberg studied the development of moral reasoning—deciding what is right and what is wrong Psychosexual Development Sigmund Freud believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges Children suppress these urges and learn right and wrong Believed that that for the first few years of life boys and girls experiences were similar Five stages 3 1. Oral Stage Ages: first 18 months of life Infant’s pleasure seeking focused on the mouth Beginning of life erotic pleasures are obtained through the mouth Weaning child from nursing is a difficult process for children 4 2. Anal Stage Ages: 1.5 – 3 years Infant’s pleasure seeking centered on functions of elimination Through toilet training the child learns to curb freedom and establish social control 5 3. Phallic Stage Ages: 3 – 6 years Infant’s pleasure seeking focused on the genitals Aware of differences in opposite sex Child becomes a rival for the affections of the parent of the opposite sex 6 4. Latency Stage Ages: 6 years to puberty Sexual thoughts are repressed; child focuses on developing social and intellectual skills Use of Sublimation The process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks 7 5. Genital Stage Ages: puberty through adulthood Sexual desires are renewed Individual seeks relationships with others One derives as much satisfaction from giving pleasure as from receiving it 8 Erikson’s Theory Biological in belief that there are innate drives to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism) Divided life span into eight psychosocial stages, each associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to resolve Outcome of each stage varies along a continuum from positive to negative 9 Stage 1 (birth - 1) Trust vs. Mistrust Infants must rely on others for care Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting infant needs leads to a sense of trust Infants who are not well cared for will develop mistrust Example: Is my world predictable and supportive? 10 Stage 2 (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Children are discovering their own independence Those given the opportunity to experience independence will gain a sense of autonomy Children that are overly restrained or punished harshly will develop shame and doubt Example: Can I do things myself or must I rely on others? 11 Stage 3 (3-5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater responsibility Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible Example: Am I good or bad? 12 Stage 4 (5-12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills Sense of competence and achievement leads to industry Feeling incompetent and unproductive leads to inferiority Example: Am I successful or worthless? 13 Stage 5 (adolescence) Identity vs. Confusion Developing a sense of who one is and where s/he is going in life Successful resolution leads to positive identity Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity confusion or a negative identity Example: Who am I? 14 Stage 6 (young adulthood) Intimacy vs. Isolation Time for sharing oneself with another person Capacity to hold commitments with others leads to intimacy Failure to establish commitments leads to feelings of isolation Example: Shall I share my life with someone or live alone? 15 Stage 7 (middle adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation Caring for others in family, friends and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness Example: Will I succeed in life? 16 Stage 8 (late adulthood to death) Integrity vs. Despair Successful resolutions of all previous crises leads to integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incomplete Example: Have I lived a full life? 17 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers Proposed five stages, each taking into account a broader portion of the social world 18 Levels of Moral Reasoning Preconventional - moral reasoning is based on external rewards and punishments Conventional - laws and rules are upheld simply because they are laws and rules Postconventional - reasoning based on personal moral standards 19 Stage 1 A focus on direct consequences Egocentric No sense of right and wrong Children would fear Not stealing and being blamed for wife’s death Stealing and going to jail. 20 Stage 2 Have understanding of how to avoid punishment and receive awards Still slightly egocentric 21 Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity An attempt to live up to the expectations of important others Positive actions will improve relations with significant others Negative actions will harm those relationships 22 Stage 4: Law-and-Order Morality To maintain social order, people must resist personal pressures and follow the laws of the larger society 23 Stage 5: Human-Rights and Social-Welfare Morality A balance is struck between respect for laws and ethical principles that transcend specific laws Laws that fail to promote general welfare or that violate ethical principles can be changed, reinterpreted, or abandoned 24