Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY MODULE C13 © ENDURE, February 2007 Integrated Pest Management for WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM -WCR (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Central and Eastern Europe Background FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY © ENDURE, February 2007 First detection of WCR (damage by larvae) in Europe in 1992; Rapid spread of the pest in Europe; Jumping-spread movement beyond the actual spread line; Multiple transatlantic introductions of WCR. Morphology of WCR FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY © ENDURE, February 2007 Eggs: 0,5 mm; whitish-yellow; 15-20cm in the soil; Larvae: 3 larval stages; 1,2 mm (L1)- 1,5 cm (L3); whitish-yellow, black head capsule; soil, maize roots; Pupae (pupa libera) 7,5 mm; whitish-yellow; non moving stage in the soil; Adults: 7,5 mm; yellow, with three black strips; difference between males and females; active on plants. Life cycle of WCR FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Eggs overwinter in the soil L1 Adults die L2 L3 Oviposition Emergence of adults Source: S. Toepfer © ENDURE, February 2007 Pupae Damage by WCR larvae FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY © ENDURE, February 2007 Successful development of larvae (almost) only on maize roots; Maize root system damaged, plants will lodge (goose-neck symptom); WCR larval damage evaluation: Iowa 1-6 scale, node – injury scale. Damage by WCR adults FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY © ENDURE, February 2007 WCR adults are feeding on several plant species, Feed on pollen of different crops; Feed on maize leaves, silks and pollen; Economic damage on maize plants due to silk clipping; Less fertilized ears and yield loss (quantity and quality of kernels). Monitoring of WCR adults FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Purpose: Evaluation of the - presence of WCR adult population; - potential for silk clipping; - risk for next year larval damage (if not rotated). © ENDURE, February 2007 Tools/methods: - Csalomon pheromone traps; - yellow sticky traps (e.g. Pherocon AM); - whole plant count. IPM for WCR FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Cultural practices Crop rotation field test plots for WCR management (EU 5th Framework project Hungary, 2000-2004) © ENDURE, February 2007 - Feeding and oviposition of females in maize, successful larval development in subsequent year maize CROP ROTATION; - Field size/margins/surrounding of the field; - Soil type, tillage system/weeds; - Planting time/hybrid selection; BT maize (?); - Production inputs (fertilizer, water, green manure). LATE PLANTING: escape from taching period of the larvae where temperature and rainfall allow EARLY PLANTING: to allow root system development as soon as possible where temperature and rainfall allow IPM for WCR FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Biological methods: - There are several antagonists and parasitoids (entomopathogenic fungi, Nematodes, Diptera spp.) and predators (praying mantis, ground beetles, spiders, frogs and some birds) that parasite or prey on WCR; - It is still not defined to what extent these predators are able to regulate the WCR population. FAO/ S. TOEPFER © ENDURE, February 2007 FAO/ P. HOFFMANN IPM for WCR FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Chemical control: Larvae: to prevent/decrease larval damage in given year - seed treatment - soil insecticide application at planting Innovative control option: Bt (rootworm resistant) maize hybrids - widespread in USA - under approval in Europe © ENDURE, February 2007 Adults: to prevent damage by silk clipping or to reduce egg laying and next year larval damage - foliar insecticide application - high clearence ground sprayer - aircraft/helicopter - attract and kill (reduced insecticide rate+feeding arrestant) Farmers perspective? FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY FARMERS AIM is to be able to MANAGE the pest on their fields, but Management of the WCR on one field is not effective enough so COMMUNITY ACTION is needed, © ENDURE, February 2007 based on COMMON UNDERSTANDING.