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By Vincent Mannino County Extension Director – Fort Bend 1,350,000 Living Species of Plants & Animals 800000 700000 600000 400000 300000 800,000 (60%) 500000 200000 100000 0 Population Bugs Plants Animals Major Arthropod Classes (jointed foot) Species Percentages Insecta = 90% Arachnida = 6% Crustacea = 2.5% Chilopoda & Diplopoda = 1.5% Insecta Body composed of 3 divisions. Head bears 1 pair of antennae and one pair of compound eyes and up to 3 simple eyes. Thorax bears 3 pair of legs and 1-2 pairs of wings. Abdomen bears the ovipositor. Arachnida Body composed of 2 divisions cephlathorax (head+thorax) abdomen. Antennae are absent Eyes are simple 4 pairs of legs attached to cephlathorax Mainly terrestrial. Banana spider Crustacea Mostly aquatic Breathe by gills 2 pairs of antennae 4 or more pairs of legs some modified for swimming Chilopoda & Diplopoda Terrestrial Breathe by air tubes Legs on each body segment Chilopoda – 1 pair Diplopoda – 2 pairs Centipede One pair of antennae Chilopoda has poison glands behind the head. Millipede The World of Insects 250,000 U. S. SPECIES 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 NEI EP B Not Economically Important - 225,000 (90%) Economic Pests 7,500 (3%) Beneficial - 17,500 (7%) Basic Economic Pest Categories Key Pests Occasional Pests Secondary pests Key Pests Those which cause economic losses and/or misery almost annually. Occasional Pests Those which infrequently cause economic losses; generally due to specific weather factors. Secondary Pests Those occasional pests or non-pests which cause economic losses due to a man-made disruption. External Anatomy of an Insect Ways Insects Damage Plants Chew, tunnel, & mine leaves, stems, fruit and roots. Pierce and suck leaves, stems and fruit Cause egg-laying damage and use plant parts for nesting Inject toxins into leaves and disseminate disease Mouthparts stylet hook coil snout sponging mandibles Legs Types A. B. C. D. E. F. G. running; jumping; digging; grasping; catching; walking & digging; reduced leg used for walking & digging; H. walking on water Antennae Wings Lacey Membranous Insect Growth & Development Types of Metamorphosis No Metamorphosis Gradual Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis No Metamorphosis Gradual Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis Order COLEOPTERA The Beetles Diverse, 40% of all insects Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Wings - 4, front wings being elytra Variable antennae Order: COLLEMBOLA The Springtales None are harmful Fercula present No metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts No Wings Antennae - short, filiform Order: DERMAPTERA The Earwigs Large cerci, scavengers Gradual Metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Wings - 4, leathery, short Antennae - filiform Order: DIPTERA The Flies Diverse Excellent flyers Sponging or sucking mouthparts Complete metamorphosis Wings - 2, rear wings reduced to halteres Antennae - short bristle-like or filiform Order: EPHEMEROPTERA The Mayflies Short-lived (for a day) Long cerci Mouthparts: adults have none, naiads have chewing Incomplete Metamorphosis Wings - 4, large, membranous Short filiform-type antennae Order: HEMIPTERA The True Bugs (stinkbugs) Comments: Sap feeders Sucking Mouthparts Gradual Metamorphosis Wings - 4, front wings are hemeltyra Antennae - generally long, filiform All have a scutellum Order: HOMOPTERA CICADAS, HOPPERS, WHITEFLY, APHIDS, SCALES Most diverse group, Sap-feeders Sucking Mouthparts Gradual Metamorphosis Wings - 4, similar in form, held roof-like Antennae - filiform to bristlelike Order: HYMENOPTERA WASPS, BEES, ANTS Many beneficial species Chewing to modified sucking mouthparts Complete metamorphosis Wings - 4, membranous Antennae - 10+ segments Order: ISOPTERA TERMITES Comments: Highly social, wood feeders Chewing Mouthparts Gradual Metamorphosis Wings - 4 (on reproductives), equal in size Antennae - Moniliform, filiform Order: LEPIDOPTERA MOTHS & BUTTERFLIES Comments: Larvae mostly plant feeders Larvae have chewing mouthparts, adults have sucking Complete metamorphosis Wings - 4, scaly Variable antennae Order: NEUROPTERA ALDERFLIES, LACEWINGS, ANTLIONS,... Comments: Most all are beneficial Mouthparts - Chewing, sucking Complete metamorphosis, larvae predaceous Wings - 4, with many cross veins Antennae - filiform Order: ODONATA DRAGONFLIES & DAMSELFLIES Comments: Primitive, large insects w/ prominent wing veins Incomplete metamorphosis Wings - 4, dragonfs. hold wings out, damself. fold wings up. Short, filiform antennae. Order: ORTHOPTERA GRASSHOPPERS, CRICKETS, ROACHES, MANTIDS Comments: Primitive, straightwinged Chewing Mouthparts Gradual Metamorphosis Wings - 4, front pair leathery Antennae - Variable Order: PLECOPTERA STONEFLIES Comments: Primitive, large, softbodied, cerci present Chewing mouthparts, many adults do not feed Incomplete metamorphosis Wings - 4, large, membranous Long filiform antennae Order: THYSANOPTERA THRIPS Comments: Minute insects, disease transmitters Rasping/sucking mouthparts Incomplete Metamorphosis Wings - 4, fringed Antennae - short, 4-9 segments Order: SIPHONAPTERA Fleas Comments: Small, flattened laterally Sucking mouthparts Complete metamorphosis Wingless Reduced antennae BUGS, NATURE & YOU ~ We Can Get Along! ~ The End!