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Transcript
Poisonous Plants
4-H Veterinary Science
Extension Veterinary Medicine
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Texas A&M System
http://aevm.tamu.edu
Objectives
 Discuss the factors that cause an animal to
consume poisonous plants
 Describe the signs of oak poisoning
 List and recognize plants that contain cyanide
 Describe signs of cyanide poisoning
 List and recognize plants that contain
excessive nitrate
 Describe signs of nitrate poisoning
 Discuss laboratory methods for diagnosing
plant poisoning in animals
Review
 Non-Infectious Diseases






Nutritional Diseases
Reproductive Problems
Chemical Poisoning
Toxicity of Insecticides
Poisonous Plants
Miscellaneous Plants
Poisonous Plants
 Why plants
 Decoration
 Ground cover
 Hay
 Etc
 Problem
 May be poisonous
 Certain stage of growth
 Seasonal

Large quantities
 Plants are area specific




Temperature
Rainfall
Soil
Terrain
 Know the plants in your area
 To help prevent problem
 Identify poisonous plants
 Remove animals
 Remove plants
 Spraying
 Mowing
 Remove clippings and wilted leaves
 If suspect poisoning
 Move animals
 Call veterinarian
 Plant identification





Leaves
Seeds
Flowers
Root system
Stems
Detection of Poisonous Plants
 Hard to determine if illness or death due to
poisonous plants


Field observation
Laboratory diagnosis



Blood samples
Urine samples
Stomach contents
Examples
 Oaks



Contain gallotannin
Affects kidneys
Poison

Leaves
 Seasonal
 Spring
 Early growth
 Buds
 palatable

Acorns
 Seasonal
 Fall
 Green acorns
 Abundant
 Brown/mature acorns are ok

Symptoms




Weight loss
Depression
Blood tinged nasal discharge
Diarrhea
 Mucous
 Blood


Increased water consumption
Increased urination

Treatment




Prevention



Remove animals from area
Graze on acorn-free pastures
Return only when acorns brown
Feed calcium hydroxide as supplement
Monitor acorn and leave conditions
If severe kidney damage - death
 Plants with cyanide
 May form cyanide
 Rapid poisoning
 Rapid death
 Ruminants are more susceptible
 Examples




Grain sorghums
Johnson grass
Sudan grass
Wild black cherry tree

When occurs


Drought
Frost

Have elevated concentrations
Dissipates in hay

Affects


Blocks the use of oxygen by cells

Symptoms







Increase breathing rate
Excited
Rapid breathing
Bright red mucous membranes
Labored breathing
Muscle trembles and spasms
Large amounts consumed
 Stagger
 Fall
 Convulsions

Treatment



None = death
Remove animals
Prognosis

If survive 2 hours possibility of living
Excessive Nitrates
 Plants can accumulate nitrate compounds
 High concentrations not usually present in
plants
 Conditions

Excessive nitrate fertilizer
 Pond runoff


Unusual fertilizer
Unusual conditions
 Drought
 Rain after a drought

Rapid growth

Ruminants are more susceptible



Rumen flora convert to ammonia
Nitrite is intermediate step (~10 times more toxic)
Interferes with the bloods ability to carry
oxygen to tissue
 Crops with high nitrate concentrations

Cereal grasses






Oats
Millet
Rye
Corn
Sunflower
sorghums
 Weeds with high nitrate concentrations








Pigweed
Lamb’s quarter
Thistle
Jimson weed
Fireweed
Smartweed
Dock
Johnson grass
 Symptoms







Occur quickly or after several days
Weakness
Trembling
Staggering
Rapid breathing
Collapsing
Brownish-blue membranes (mouth and
nostrils)
 Treatment

Work with a veterinarian
 Dallis Grass

Ergot fungus in seed heads




Advanced stages have toxin
Affects the CNS
Does not affect horses
See in late summer

Symptoms




Treatment


Nervousness
Excitable
Trembling/staggering walk
Remove animals
Prevention

Mow down the seed heads
 Coffee Senna



Affects muscle
Found along roadsides
Not eaten if possible

Symptoms








Weakness
Unable to stand
Coffee colored urine
Diarrhea
Ataxic
Afebrile
Alter up until death
Treatment

None known
 Oleander






Common ornamental plant
Tree like
Affects the heart
Small amounts are fatal
Has a bitter taste
Species

All


Symptoms
 Appear 4-12 hours after eating
 Depression
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Increased pulse rate
 Weakness
 Trembling
 Convulsions
 Coma
 Death
Treatment
 None
Resources
 Toxic Plants of Texas


https://agrilifebookstore.org/
$25