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Transcript
Community Ecology: Species Interactions 5 Basic types of species interactions 1XXXXXXXXXX ? 2 Competition is important...just not as important as predation (sometimes) Competition ...common use of a limited resource limited What can be limiting....? Food Habitat Nutrients Between and within species?? Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition 3 types of competition?? Interference competition Exploitation competition Apparent competition Interference competition - occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat. A (-) (-) B Exploitation competition - occurs indirectly through a common, limiting resource, which acts as an intermediate. Ex. depletes the amount of food or fill up all the available space. A (-) (-) - + + R B - Apparent competition - occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator. B A - P + A + - - P B + http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6431936272692514162 food density Daphnia Temperature The Niche Concept FUNDAMENTAL REALIZED A B habitat pH Salinity 2 dimension, but there are more.... The Niche Concept • Sharing of resources alone not evidence of competition • Niche overlap correlates with competition 4 3.5 Largemouth bass 3 2.5 Prey Weight (Relative) 2 1.5 1 Green Sunfish 0.5 Bluegill 0 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Temperature (Celsius) 32 33 34 Competition's role in ecology and evolution "species packing" Population Abundance Population Abundance Resource partitioning Resource Gradient Resource Gradient Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi Cichlids exhibit remarkable evolutionary convergence. Similar ecomorphs have evolved repeatedly within different cichlid assemblages. All of the cichlids in the left-hand column are from Lake Tanganyika. All of the cichlids in the right-hand column are from Lake Malawi, and are more closely related to one another than to any species within Lake Tanganyika. Note the similarities among color patterns and trophic morphologies. Utilize resources along a gradient (See Wooton) – Food particle size – Temperature – Habitat 100 90 80 Fish Abundance 70 60 Sculpin 50 Dace 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Station (1=downstream) 10 11 12 Examples: Classic Werner and Hall Experiments Bluegill Green Sunfish Pumpkinseed Examples: Ciscoes adaptive radiation (Lindsey 1981) Individual Responses •Behavior – feeding rate •Physiology – growth rate Population Abundance How do we see it or measure it? •Morphological – body size Population responses •Abundance •Distribution Time Modeling Competition Lotka-volterra model Competition coefficients The equations What the hell is an isocline, anyway? – 4 graphs. See Molles Population Abundance • • • • Time Exotic Species Exotic Species: A species not in its native range Invasive/Nuisance Species: An exotic species that meets 3 criteria Invasive fishes that affect the ecology of native Wisconsin Fishes Pelagic planktivores - Alewife, Rainbow smelt, white perch, Benthic insectivores – round goby, common carp Pelagic piscivores – Pacific salmon, brown trout Pelagic/benthic parasite – Sea lamprey Stream insectivores – brown trout, rainbow trout Pelagic filter-feeders – silver carp, bighead carp Non-fish Invasive Species that affect the ecology of native Wisconsin Fishes Pelagic Planktivore: Spiny Water Flea Benthic Filter Feeder: Zebra Mussel, Quagga Mussel Plant: Eurasian Water Milfoil Exotic fishes utilize different habitats And a variety of food sources How do they get here? People Ships ballast water Canals Aquaculture Ballast water Alewife White Perch Round goby Aquaculture Silver carp Bighead carp Spiny Water Flea Intentional Stocking Zebra Mussel Pacific Salmon Quagga Mussel Brown trout Rainbow trout Canals Common carp Sea lamprey Rainbow smelt Rainbow smelt 4 aspects that make them so successful...? High fecundity – lots of eggs / individual Excellent competitors – better at gaining resources then native species Exploit a less well used resource Lack of a natural predator Questions Researchers Ask • Impact • Distribution Forecasting • Prediction/Prevention • Control Detrimental to sport fisheries... round gobies to smallmouth bass nests http://www.glwi.uwm.edu/people/jjanssen/goby/index.html Detrimental to ....life as we know it on all lakes and rivers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ChwJiKKBdA