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Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity:
Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
Chapter 11
Sections 1-3
By: Romina Fuentes
And
Chayaliz Alfonseca
Section 1: Human Impacts on
Terrestrial Biodiversity
• Biodiversity- variety of different species,
genetic variability among individuals within
each species, variety of ecosystems, and
functions such as energy flow and matter
cycling needed for the survival of species and
biological communities.
Why is biodiversity Important?
• Two types of values:
Intrinsic-the value or an organism, species, ecosystem, or the
earth’s biodiversity based on its existence regardless of
whether is has any usefulness to us.
Instrumental-the value of an organism, species, ecosystem,
or the earth’s biodiversity based on its usefulness to us.
Use values-benefit us in the form of economic goods and services,
ecological services, recreation, scientific info and preserving options
for such use in the future.
Nonuse values are values that consist of :
Existence-knowing that something exists, a redwood forest, wilderness, or
endangered species, even if we will never see it or get direct use from it.
Aesthetic- appreciation of trees, forest, vistas because of its beauty.
Bequest-willingness of some people to pay to protect some forms of natural
capital for use by future generations.
Human Activities and Biodiversity
Fig. 11-3 p. 195
Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity
Fig. 11-5 p. 197
Section 2: Conservation
Biology
• Conservation Biology- multidisciplinary
science created to deal with the crisis of
maintaining the genes, species, communities,
and ecosystems that make up the earth’s
biological diversity.
– Goals:
• Investigate human impacts on biodiversity
• Develop practical approaches to preserve biodiversity
Conservation Biology
• Hot Spots-the most endangered and species-rich
ecosystems.
– Rapid Assessment Teams are groups of biologists that
evaluate situations, make recommendations, and take
emergency action to stem the loss of biodiversity in hot
spot areas.
• Aldo Leopold’s ethical principles are what conservation
biology is based on.
– Something is right when it tends to maintain the earth’s
life-support systems for us and other species and wrong
when it does not.
Section 3:Public Lands in the
United States
• United States has set aside the largest amount
of its land for public use, resource extraction,
enjoyment, and wildlife than any other nation.
– About 35% of its land is public
– About 73% of that land is in Alaska
US Public Land Types
• Multiple-use lands:
– National Forests
– National Resource Lands
– Managed by US Forest Service & Bureau of Land Management
– Mining, livestock grazing, logging.
• Moderately-restricted use lands:
– National Wildlife Refuges
– Managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Services
– Fishing, oil and gas development, farming.
• Restricted-use lands:
– National Park System
– National Wilderness Preservation System
– Managed by the National Park Service & Agencies in charge of
those lands
– Recreational areas monuments, nonmotorized boating.
United States Public Lands
Fig. 11-6 p. 198
Managing US Public Land
• Protecting biodiversity, wildlife habitats, and the ecological
functioning of public land ecosystems.
• No one should receive government subsidies or tax breaks
for using or extracting resources on public lands.
• The American people deserve fair compensation for
extraction of any resources from their property.
• Users or extractors of resources on public lands should be
responsible for any environmental damage they cause.
– You break it, You buy it
Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles
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Become one with nature
Create all niches that were destroyed
Depend on the first species
Keep all nomadic species under control