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Section Outline
Section 4-2
4–2
What Shapes an Ecosystem?
A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
B. The Niche
C. Community Interactions
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Symbiosis
D. Ecological Succession
1. Primary Succession
2. Secondary Succession
3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem
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Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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What is a Niche? video
Niche- the range of physical and biological
conditions in which a species lives and the
way the species obtains what it needs to
survive.
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Competition
Results when organisms go after the same resource
Competition results when niches overlap
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Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
Resource Division (partitioning)
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Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
• Competitive exclusion- different species
cannot occupy the same niche
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 53.2
Character
displacement is the
tendency for characteristics
to diverge (become different)
– Hereditary changes
evolve that bring
about using different resources
Fig. 53.4
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Symbiosis
When different organisms live closely together
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Commensalism
One organisms benefits and the other has no effect
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Mutualism
Both organisms benefit
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Parasitism
One organisms benefits, the other is hurt
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