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-more than 80% of the world's land will remain outside of protected areas
according to even the most optimistic predictions and numerous rare
species will occur outside of protected areas
-60% of species that are globally rare or listed under ESA are found
on private land
-human use of these unprotected lands vary and significant portions
harbor some of the original biota Figure 18.1
18.1 Landscapes vary in the extent to which humans have altered patterns of species composition
and natural vegetation cover
Strategies that encourage private landowners and government managers of
resource protected areas to protect rare species and communities is
essential for conservation
Ex Florida panther has ½ land in its range privately owned and 200,000 ha
more are needed to ensure survival
Instead, paying willing landowners to minimize habitat fragmentation and
to maintain forest and swamp habitats. Also have built road
underpasses to minimize road kills
Exs.
Florida panther Figure 18.2
Management of species on military lands like the Regal fritilary
butterfly Box 18.1
European NATURA program pays farmers to maintain
traditional wildflowers of farmland Figure 18.5 and coffee plantations
that cultivate beans in the shade with high biodiversity are subsidized
in Latin America Figure 18.6
18.2 The Florida panther is found on both public and private lands in South Florida
Box 18.1 Military management of the regal fritillary butterfly
18.5 Wildflowers of European cultivated fields increase due to less herbicides and fertilizers
18.6 Two types of coffee management systems: (A) Shade coffee (B) Monoculture of sun coffee
18.7 In west, agencies of the U.S. government owns most land and uses ecosystem management
Ecosystem Management
-discipline that integrates scientific knowledge of ecology with the sociopolitical values with the goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity
over the long term Figure 18.8
Important considerations in ecosystem management:
18.8 Ecosystem management involves linking all of the stakeholders
Example of Ecosystem Management
Malpai Borderlands Group
-partnership between ranchers, government agencies, and the Nature
Conservancy using ecosystem management on over 400,000 ha (one
million acres) of unique, rugged mountain and desert habitat along the
Arizona and New Mexico border
-one of the richest biological areas in the USA with Mexican jaguars, 265
species of birds, 90 species of mammals, 19 threatened and endangered
species and many rare and endemic species
-doing controlled burns, re-introducing native grasses, and avoiding
habitat fragmentation
18.9 The Malpai Borderlands Group encourages ecosystem management
Bioregional Management
-ecosystem management that focuses on a large single ecosystem
Examples:
1) Mediterranean Action Plan Figure 18.10
-21 countries with numerous pnas work together to try and control
pollution, which is one of the biggest threats to pnas
2) Management of Pacific Northwest Forests
-partnership between states, ranchers, government agencies, and various
private organizations
-coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest have at least a few old trees,
dead standing trees and fallen trees
-conventional logging practice was clearcutting where all living and dead
trees of all ages are removed
-ecosystem managers use a method called ecological forestry that involves
leaving a low density of large live trees, standing dead, and fallen trees
Figure 18.11 B
-less profits for timber companies and environmentalist want to preserve
some old growth forest. Compromises will have to be reached.
Bioregional Management
Examples (cont.)
3) Africa
-many of Africa’s large animals are not in pnas
-many new programs are allowing rural communities and private
landowners to profit from the presence of these large animals
-50 conservancies exist in Namibia protecting 14% of Namibia’s area
Figure 18.12
-many of these conservancies are financially benefitting and improving
their towns and number of animals is increasing Figure 18.13
18.10 The countries participating in the Mediterranean Action Plan cooperate
18.11 A) Conventional clear-cutting (A) involves removing all trees from an area on a 70-year cycle
18.12 The distribution of community conservancies and state protected lands in Namibia
18.13 Number of animals observed in aerial censuses of the Nyae Nyae Community Conservancy