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Community Interactions Objective: A3 - Interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, & competition among organisms. - such as, competition, predation, and symbiosis can powerfully affect an ecosystem Every morning in Africa A gazelle wakes up & “knows” It must run faster that the fastest lion Or it will be killed. Every morning, a lion wakes up & “knows” It must outrun the slowest gazelle Or it will starve to death It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle When the sun comes up, You better be running … Competition: • Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time • Things that reduce competition - being active at different times of the day - establishing territories - establishing hierarchies - requiring different resources at different times of the life cycle Predation: Hunter & hunted Predator - prey Predator and Prey Adaptations - Camouflage (cryptic coloration) - Warning coloration • Marked with bright or contrasting colors as a warning that the animal is venomous or noxious. - Distasteful - Horns for protection - Hooves for running fast - Deceptive markings (eyespots) - Sharp Hearing - Mimicry Example: Monarch & Viceroy - Sting - Poisonous - Offensive Odors / Repellant Chemicals - Ability to run fast - Sharp horns - Sharp tearing teeth - Claws for piercing Lynx & hare Predator – prey graph Symbiosis: • Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship Rhino & Oxpecker Lichen = alga & fungus Rhizobium (nitrogen fixing bacteria) & legume nodules E. coli & human gut • Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed (a one-way relationship) Clownfish & Sea Anemones Shark & Remora Spanish moss growing on trees • Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other is harmed Endoparasites Tapeworms Ectoparasites Caterpillar & wasp larvae Mosquito Leeches Ticks & mammals