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F INDING THE L AW:
A DMINISTRATIVE L AW
&
S ECONDARY S OURCES
IN P RINT
O RGANIZATION OF G OVERNMENT
Constitution
Legislative
Judicial
Executive
Statutes
Cases
Regulations
Administrative Decisions
Stat., USC
RCW
US, Fed 3d
P3d, Wash.
FR, CFR
WAC
PARALLEL S YSTEMS
Federal
State

Legislative = US Congress

Legislative = WA State Legislature

Executive

Executive


President

Governor

Executive branch &
independent agencies

Executive branch &
independent agencies
Judicial

Judicial

US Supreme Court

WA Supreme Court

US Courts of Appeals

WA Court of Appeals

US District Courts

District, county & municipal
courts

Specialized courts
S OURCES OF L AW I NTERACT

Legislature writes statute in response to a
case

Court interprets a statute; may hold a statute
unconstitutional

A higher court overrules a lower court
decision

Agency proposes regulations as directed by
statute
P RIMARY & S ECONDARY
A UTHORITY

Primary


Statement of "the law" from bodies with
law-making authority
Secondary

Explain, interpret, and refer to primary
law

Examples: treatises, law review articles,
legal encyclopedias, etc.
L EGAL C ITATIONS :
S TATUTES
Endangered Species Act

Pub. L. No. 93-205

87 Stat. 884

16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. (2000)

16 U.S.C. § 1538 Prohibited Acts
L EGAL C ITATIONS :
R EGULATIONS

Importation, Transportation and
Exportation of Wildlife,

50 C.F.R. Part 14 (2004)

50 C.F.R. § 14.17 (2004):
“Personally Owned Pet Birds”
L EGAL C ITATIONS :
C ASES

Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill,
437 U.S. 153, 98 S.Ct. 2279, 57
L.Ed.2d 117 (1978). link


Only need U.S.
San Carlos Apache Tribe v. U.S.,
272 F.Supp.2d 860 (D.Ariz. 2003).
S TARTING Q UESTIONS
What type of law governs this
issue? (Hint: may be more than
one)
 Statutes — regulations — cases
 Which jurisdiction?
 federal and/or state
 What secondary sources cover this
topic?

A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

Rules, regulations & decisions

Each agency covers specific subjects


U.S. Government Manual
Administrative Procedure Act, 5 USC §551
et seq.

Notice of proposed rule

Comment period

Final rule & response to comments
C ONGRESSIONAL F INDINGS
16 U.S.C. § 1531: Congressional findings and
declarations of purposes and policy
The Congress finds and declares that –
(a)(1) Various species of fish, wildlife, and plants in
the U.S. have been rendered extinct as a
consequence of economic growth and
development untempered by adequate concern
and conservation…
(b) The purposes of this chapter are to provide a
means whereby the ecosystems upon which
endangered species … may be conserved …
A GENCY A UTHORIZATION
BY S TATUTE
The Secretary shall by regulation . . . Determine whether
any species is an endangered species or a
threatened species because of . . .
(A)
the present or threatened destruction, modification,
or curtailment of its habitat or range;
(B)
overutilization for commercial, recreational,
scientific, or educational purposes;
(C)
disease or predation . . . .
……
(b)(3)(c)(iii) The Secretary shall implement a system to
monitor effectively the status of all species with
respect to which a finding is made under …
16 USC § 1533
CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS

Rules & regulations in force

Organized by topic

Published annually

Index & finding tables
F IND R EGULATIONS
U SING THE CFR
 Start with an index
 At end of the CFR set
 “CFR Index” volume of the US Code
Service (USCS). KF62 1972 .L38
 West's CFR: General Index. KF70.A34
 Parallel Table of Authorities & Rules
 In CFR Index
 16 USC 1533 (Endangered Species Act)
> 50 CFR Part 17 (regulations
implementing Act)
U SING
1.
2.
Find the statute
a.
Popular names tables or indexes
b.
U.S. Code Annotated OR U.S. Code
Service
Find the section authorizing regulations
a.
3.
F IND R EGULATIONS
AN A NNOTATED C ODE
Browse table of contents
Look in footnotes for references to CFR
U SING

Books & government documents on the subject


Search library catalogs
Legal encyclopedias (AmJur & CJS)


F IND R EGULATIONS
S ECONDARY S OURCES
Start with indexes
Law review articles

Cited in annotated codes (USCA & USCS)

Periodical indexes
F EDERAL R EGISTER

Daily

Updates CFR

Proposed & recently adopted regulations

Summaries of comments on proposed
regulations

President’s executive orders &
proclamations
U PDATING
CFR
Date on cover
Federal Register
Each daily issue from
end of last month to today
List of Sections
Affected (LSA)
Most recent monthly issue
Federal Register
Last day of prior month
H ELP !


Ask a Librarian!

Gallagher Law Library Reference Office

543-6794

Ask Us link on Law Library homepage
Brief tour of the Law Library Reference Area